China Y&X Beijing Technology Co., Ltd. Company Cases

1 Overview of Phosphate Ore Phosphate ores in nature are mainly classified into apatite-type (e.g., fluorapatite Ca₅(PO₄)₃F) and sedimentary phosphorite (e.g., collophanite). Due to significant variations in raw ore grades (P₂O₅ content ranging from 5% to 40%), beneficiation processes are typically required to enhance the grade to meet industrial standards (P₂O₅ ≥ 30%). Phosphate ores are rich in phosphorus, primarily used for extracting phosphorus and producing related chemical products, such as widely known phosphate fertilizers, as well as common industrial chemicals like yellow phosphorus and red phosphorus. These phosphorus-based materials, derived from phosphate ores, find extensive applications in agriculture, food, medicine, chemicals, textiles, glass, ceramics, and other industries. Given the generally high floatability of phosphate ores, flotation is the most commonly employed beneficiation method.       2 Phosphate Ore Beneficiation Methods   The selection of phosphate ore beneficiation processes depends on ore type, mineral composition, and dissemination characteristics. The primary methods include: Scrubbing and desliming, Gravity separation, Flotation, Magnetic separation, Chemical beneficiation, Photoelectric sorting, and Combined processes. 2.1 Scrubbing and Desliming Process This method is particularly suitable for heavily weathered phosphate ores with high clay content (such as certain sedimentary phosphorites). The technological process consists of: Crushing and Screening: Raw ore is crushed to appropriate particle size (e.g., below 20mm) Scrubbing: Employing scrubbers (like trough scrubbers) with water agitation to separate clay and fine slimes Desliming: Using hydrocyclones or spiral classifiers to remove slime particles smaller than 0.074mm Advantages: Features simple operation and low cost, capable of increasing P₂O₅ grade by 2-5% Limitations: Shows limited effectiveness for processing ores with closely intergrown minerals 2.2 Gravity Separation This method is applicable to ores where phosphate minerals and gangue exhibit significant density differences (e.g., apatite-quartz associations). Commonly used equipment includes: Jigging Machines: Ideal for processing coarse-grained ore (+0.5mm) Spiral Concentrators: Effective for medium-fine particle separation (0.1-0.5mm) Shaking Tables: Specialized for precision separation Advantages: Chemical-free process, making it particularly suitable for water-scarce regions Limitations: Relatively lower recovery rates (approximately 60-70%); Ineffective for processing ultra-fine particle ores 2.3 Flotation Method The most widely applied beneficiation technology for phosphate ores, particularly effective for processing: Low-grade collophanite ores, Complex disseminated ore types 2.3.1 Direct Flotation (Phosphate Mineral Flotation) Reagent Scheme: Collector: Fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid, oxidized paraffin soap) Depressant: Sodium silicate (for silicate depression), starch (for carbonate depression) pH Modifier: Sodium carbonate (adjusting pH to 9-10) Process Flow: ①Grind ore to 70-80% passing 0.074mm ②Condition pulp sequentially with depressants and collectors ③Float phosphate minerals ④Dewater concentrates to obtain final product Applicable Ore Type: Siliceous phosphate ore (phosphate-quartz association) 2.3.2 Reverse Flotation (Gangue Mineral Flotation) Reagent Scheme: Collector: Amine compounds (e.g., dodecylamine) for silicate flotation Depressant: Phosphoric acid for phosphate mineral depression Applicable Ores: Calcareous phosphate ores (phosphate-dolomite/calcite associations) 2.3.3 Double Reverse Flotation A two-stage process: ①Primary flotation of carbonates; ②Secondary flotation of silicates Applicability: Siliceous-calcareous phosphate ores (e.g., Yunnan/Guizhou deposits in China) Advantages: Capable of processing low-grade ores (P₂O₅

Under surface weathering conditions, primary sulfide minerals undergo oxidation reactions with atmospheric oxygen and aqueous solutions, forming secondary oxidized mineral zones. These oxidation zones typically develop in the shallow portions of ore deposits, with their thickness controlled by regional geological conditions, ranging between 10-50 meters.   Based on the oxidation degree of metallic elements in the ore (i.e., the percentage of oxidized minerals relative to total metal content), ores can be classified into three categories: Oxidized ore: oxidation rate >30% Sulfide ore: oxidation rate 10 (leads to PbS film detachment) Process optimizations: ✓ Partial NaHS substitution for Na₂S ✓ pH adjustment with (NH₄)₂SO₄ (1-2 kg/t) or H₂SO₄ ✓ Staged reagent addition (test-determined)   1.2. Zinc Oxide Minerals and Flotation Methods 1.2.1. Principal Industrial Zinc Oxide Minerals Mineral Chemical Formula Zinc Content Density (g/cm³) Hardness Smithsonite ZnCO₃ 52% 4.3 5 Hemimorphite H₂Zn₂SiO₅ 54% 3.3–3.6 4.5–5.0 1.2.2 Flotation Process Options 1.2.2.1. Hot Sulfidization Flotation Key Parameters: Pulp Temperature: 60–70°C (critical for ZnS film formation) Activator: CuSO₄ (0.2–0.5 kg/t) Collector: Xanthates (e.g., potassium amyl xanthate) Applicability: Effective for smithsonite Limited efficiency for hemimorphite 1.2.2.2. Fatty Amine Flotation Process Control: pH Adjustment: 10.5–11 (using Na₂S) Collector: Primary fatty amines (e.g., dodecylamine acetate) Slime Management: Option A: Pre-flotation desliming Option B: Dispersants (sodium hexametaphosphate + Na₂SiO₃) Innovative Approach: Amine-Na₂S emulsion (1:50 ratio) Eliminates need for desliming   1.3. Beneficiation Processes for Mixed Lead-Zinc Ores 1.3.1. Process Flow Options 1.3.1.1. Sulfides-First, Oxides-Later Circuit Sequence: Sulfide minerals (bulk/selective flotation) → Oxidized lead → Oxidized zinc Advantages: Maximizes sulfide recovery before oxide treatment Reduces reagent interference between mineral types 1.3.1.2. Lead-First, Zinc-Later Circuit Sequence: Lead sulfides → Lead oxides → Zinc sulfides → Zinc oxides Advantages: Ideal for ores with clear Pb/Zn liberation boundaries Enables tailored reagent schemes for each metal 1.3.2. Process Optimization Guidelines Highly oxidized ores (ZnO >30%): Use amine collectors to co-recover: Oxidized zinc minerals Residual zinc sulfides Typical dosage: 150–300 g/t C12–C18 amines Process selection criteria: Requires: Ore characterization studies (MLA/QEMSCAN) Bench-scale testing (including locked-cycle tests) Decision factors: Oxidation ratio (PbO/ZnO vs. PbS/ZnS) Mineralogical complexity index     2. Flotation Characteristics of Multivalent Metal Salt Minerals 2.1. Representative Minerals Phosphates: Apatite [Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,Cl,OH)] Tungstates: Scheelite (CaWO₄) Fluorides: Fluorite (CaF₂) Sulfates: Barite (BaSO₄) Carbonates: Magnesite (MgCO₃) Siderite (FeCO₃) 2.2. Key Flotation Properties Characteristic Description Crystal Structure Dominant ionic bonding Surface Properties Strong hydrophilicity (contact angle

  The common main Copper Oxide minerals include: Malachite (CuCO3-Cu(OH)2, Copper 57.4%, density 4g/cm³, hardness 4); Azurite (2CuCO3 · Cu (OH)2, Copper 55.2%, density 4g/cm³, hardness 4). In addition, there are also Chrysocolla (CuSiO3 · 2H2O, Copper 36.2%r, density 2-2.2g/cm³, hardness 2-4) and Chalcopyrite (Cu2O, Copper 88.8%, density 5.8-6.2g/cm³, hardness 3.5-4).   Fatty acid collectors have good collection performance for non-ferrous metal oxide minerals, but due to poor selectivity (especially when the gangue is a carbonate mineral), it is difficult to improve the concentrate grade. Among the xanthate collectors, only high-grade xanthate has a certain collection effect on non-ferrous metal oxide minerals. However, the method of directly using xanthate flotation to Oxidize Copper ore without sulfurization treatment has not been widely used in industrial applications due to its high cost. In practical applications, the following methods are more common:   ① Sulfurization method -- the most common and simple process, suitable for flotation of all sulfidizable Copper Oxide ores. After sulfurization treatment, the oxidized ore has the characteristics of sulfide ore and can be floated using xanthate. Malachite and Chalcopyrite are easy to sulfide with sodium sulfide, while Siliceous Malachite and Chalcopyrite are more difficult to sulfide. During the sulfurization process, the dosage of sodium sulfide can reach 1-2kg/(t of raw ore). Due to the easy oxidation and short reaction time of sulfurizing reagents such as sodium sulfide, the generated sulfurized film is not stable enough, and strong stirring can easily cause detachment. Therefore, it should be added in batches without prior stirring and directly added to the first tank of the flotation machine. During sulfurization, the lower the pH value of the slurry, the faster the sulfurization rate. When there is a large amount of mineral mud that needs to be dispersed, a dispersant should be added, usually using sodium silicate. Generally, butyl xanthate or mixed with dithiophosphate is used as a collector. The pH value of the slurry is usually maintained at around 9. If it is too low, lime can be added appropriately to adjust it.   ② Organic acid flotation method -- Organic acids and their soaps can effectively float Malachite and Chalcopyrite. If the gangue mineral does not contain carbonates, this method is applicable; Otherwise, flotation will lose its selectivity. When the gangue is rich in floatable iron and manganese minerals, it can also lead to a deterioration of flotation indicators. When using organic acid collectors for flotation, sodium carbonate, sodium silicate, and phosphate are usually added as gangue depressants and slurry adjusters. There are also cases in practice where sulfurization method is combined with organic acid flotation method. Firstly, sodium sulfide and xanthate are used to flotation Copper Sulfide and partial copper oxide, followed by organic acid flotation of the remaining Copper Oxide.   ③ Leaching-precipitation-flotation method--used when both sulfurization and organic acid methods cannot obtain satisfactory results. This method utilizes the easy solubility of Copper Oxide minerals by first leaching the oxide ore with sulfuric acid, then replacing it with iron powder to precipitate Copper metal, and finally floating the precipitated Copper through flotation. Firstly, it is necessary to grind the mineral to a monomer dissociation state (-200 mesh accounting for 40%~80%) according to its embedding particle size. The leaching solution adopts a dilute sulfuric acid solution of 0.5%~3%, and the amount of acid is adjusted between 2.3~45kg/(t of raw ore) according to the properties of the ore. For ores that are difficult to leach, heating (45~70℃) leaching can be used. The flotation process is carried out in an acidic medium, and the collector is chosen to be cresol dithiophosphate or bis xanthate. The undissolved Copper sulfide minerals float up together with the precipitated Copper metal and eventually enter the flotation concentrate.   ④ Ammonia leaching-sulfide precipitation-flotation method -- suitable for situations where ores are rich in a large amount of alkaline gangue, acid leaching consumes a large amount and is costly. This method first grinds the ore finely, and then adds sulfur powder for ammonia leaching treatment. During the leaching process, Copper ions in the oxidized copper ore react with NH3 and CO2, while being precipitated by sulfur ions to form new copper sulfide particles. Next, ammonia is recovered by evaporation and copper sulfide flotation is carried out. The pH value of the slurry needs to be controlled between 6.5 and 7.5, and excellent flotation results can be achieved using conventional copper sulfide flotation reagents. It is worth noting that the recycling of ammonia must be taken seriously to prevent environmental pollution.   ⑤ Segregation-flotation -- its core is to mix ore with suitable particle size, 2%~3% coal powder, and 1%~2% salt, and then perform Chlorination reduction roasting in a high temperature environment of 700-800℃ to generate copper chloride. These chlorides evaporate from the ore and are reduced to metallic Copper in the furnace, which then adsorbs onto the surface of coal particles. Subsequently, Copper metal was effectively separated from gangue through flotation method. This method is particularly suitable for processing difficult to select copper oxide ores, especially complex Copper oxide ores with high mud content and combined Copper accounting for more than 30% of the total Copper content, as well as ores rich in Malachite and Chalcopyrite. In the comprehensive recovery of Gold, Silver, and other rare metals, the separation method exhibits significant advantages compared to the leaching flotation method. However, its disadvantage is that it consumes a large amount of heat energy, resulting in relatively high costs..   ⑥ Flotation of mixed Copper ore -- the flotation process of mixed Copper ore should be determined based on experimental results. The available processes include: firstly, synchronous flotation of oxidized minerals and sulfide minerals after sulfidation; The second is to first flotation sulfide minerals, and then flotation oxidized minerals after sulfidizing tailings. When simultaneously flotation Copper oxide minerals and Copper sulfide minerals, the process conditions are basically the same as those for flotation of oxide minerals, but it should be noted that as the oxide content in the ore decreases, the amount of sodium sulfide and collector should be correspondingly reduced. There are usually two main processes used for the treatment of Copper Oxide ores abroad: sulfide flotation and acid leaching precipitation flotation.  

Today, we will explore several key points that require special attention in the Gold mine crushing process.   In the process of Gold mine fracture pile extraction, the following key matters should be paid attention to: 1. Ore property analysis Mineral composition: master the Gold content in the ore and its associated minerals in the ore to ensure the applicability of heap leaching method. Particle size distribution: the particle size of the crushed ore should be uniform, as too large or too small will affect the leaching effect.   2. The crushing process Crushing equipment: select the appropriate crusher, such as jaw crusher, cone crusher, to ensure that the ore reaches the ideal grain size. Particle size control: generally controlled within the range of 10-30 millimeters. If it is too large, it will reduce the leaching rate, while if it is too small, it will easily produce fine mud and hinder the penetration of the solution.   3. Preparation of the heap leaching site Site selection: select a flat ground with good anti-seepage performance to prevent environmental pollution caused by solution leakage. Anti-seepage treatment: laying high standard anti-seepage membrane to effectively blocks the leaching solution into the ground.   4. Selection and use of leaching reagent Leaching reagent: usually choose Sodium Cyanide solution, need to accurately control its concentration (0.05% -0.1%), too high will increase the cost, too low will affect the leaching efficiency. The Eco-friendly Gold Leaching Reagent YX500 can replace Sodium Cyanide with the same amount or increase the amount to improve leaching efficiency. PH value regulation: keep the PH value in the range of 10-11 to prevent Cyanide decomposition.   5. Heap leaching operation points Heap height control: the heap height is generally set to 3-6 meters, too high will hinder the penetration of solution, and too low will reduce the operation efficiency. Spray strength: the spray strength should be controlled at 5-10 L / m² · h, too large will easily lead to the loss of solution, too small will affect the leaching effect.   6. Management of the leaching solution Leaching solution collection: Ensure that the leaching solution is effectively collected to prevent its loss and contamination. Leaching solution cycle: recycle leaching solution to improve gold recovery and reduce consumption of reagents.   7. Environmental protection Wastewater treatment: the leaching liquid must be strictly treated before discharge to prevent pollution to the environment. The eco-friendly Gold Leaching Reagent YX500 has minimal environmental and ecological pollution, and can meet the requirements of environmental policies. Tailings treatment: the leaching tailings should be properly disposed of to avoid secondary pollution.   8. Safety management Cyanide management: In view of the highly toxic characteristics of Cyanide, strict management measures must be implemented to prevent the occurrence of leakage and poisoning events. The eco-friendly Gold Leaching Reagent YX500 has been tested by a third party and verified as a low toxicity and environmentally friendly product, which is easy to manage. Personnel protection: Operators must wear corresponding protective equipment and receive regular safety training to ensure safe operation.   9. Equipment maintenance Regular inspection: regular comprehensive inspection of crushing, spraying and other equipment to ensure its stable operation. Timely maintenance: once the equipment fault is found, repair immediately to prevent affecting the production schedule.   10. Cost control Reagent cost: reasonable optimization of reagent use plan, effectively reduce the cost expenditure. Energy consumption control: optimize the crushing and spray process process to significantly reduce energy consumption. The above mentioned items are common precautions in the process of Gold mine crushing pile extraction, and multiple factors such as ore characteristics, process parameters, environmental protection and safety management should be comprehensively considered to improve the Gold recovery rate.

Heavy-Media Process   1. Method   The heavy medium beneficiation method utilizes the density differences (or particle size differences) of different ore particles in the ore, and creates an ideal loose layering and separation environment through the principles of fluid dynamics and various mechanical forces, in order to achieve effective separation of different materials. 2. Principle   According to Archimedes' principle, particles with a density lower than that of a heavy medium will float up, while particles with a density higher than that of a heavy medium will sink. 3. Process flow   The ore reselection process consists of a series of continuous operational steps. The nature of these operational steps can be divided into three main parts: preparation operation, selection operation, and product processing operation.   (1) The preparation process includes the following aspects:    a) The crushing and grinding operations carried out to dissociate useful mineral monomers;    b) For ores with high levels of pectin or clay, perform ore washing and desliming operations;    c) Particle size classification of selected ores is carried out through screening or hydraulic grading methods. After ore classification, they are selected separately, which is beneficial for selecting better operating conditions and improving sorting efficiency.   (2) The sorting operation is the core process of ore sorting. The complexity of the sorting process varies, and simple processes may only consist of a single unit operation, such as heavy medium sorting.   (3) The product processing operation mainly involves processes such as concentrate dewatering, tailings transportation, and storage.     Jigging   1. Principle   Jigging is a beneficiation method that utilizes the effect of vertical alternating medium flow to loosen the mineral particle group and stratify it according to density differences. During this process, lighter minerals will float to the upper layer, known as light products; And heavier minerals sink to the lower layer, called heavy products, to achieve mineral separation. If the density of the medium increases within a certain range, the density difference between mineral particles will also increase accordingly, thereby improving the sorting efficiency. The equipment that completes the jigs process is called a jigs. After being fed into the jig, the ore dressing material will fall onto the sieve plate to form a dense layer of material, which is called the bed layer. At the same time as the material is fed in, the lower part of the jigs is periodically supplied with alternating water flow. This vertical variable speed water flow enters the bed through the sieve holes, and the minerals undergo the jigs sorting process in this water flow. 2. Technological process   When the water flow rises, the bed is lifted up, presenting a loose and suspended state. At this point, the mineral particles in the bed begin to move relative to each other and undergo stratification based on their inherent characteristics such as density, particle size, and shape. Even before the water flow stops rising and turns downward, due to inertia, the mineral particles are still moving, and the bed continues to loosen and stratify. When the water flow turns downward, the bed gradually becomes tighter, but stratification is still ongoing. When all the mineral particles fall back onto the sieve surface, the possibility of relative motion between them is lost, and the stratification process basically stops. At this point, only those mineral particles with higher density and finer particle size pass through the gaps between the large blocks of material in the bed and continue to move downwards. This phenomenon can be seen as a continuation of the stratification phenomenon. When the descending water flow ends, the bed is completely tight and the stratification temporarily stops. The time required for the water flow to complete a periodic change is called the jig cycle. During a jig cycle, the bed undergoes a process of layering from tight to loose and then to tight again, and the particles are subjected to sorting. Only after multiple cycles of beating can the stratification gradually improve. Ultimately, high-density mineral particles concentrate in the lower part of the bed, while low-density mineral particles gather in the upper layer. Subsequently, two products with different densities and masses were obtained by discharging them separately from the jigs.     Flotation   1. Principle   Flotation is a mineral processing technique that utilizes the differences in physical and chemical properties of mineral surfaces for sorting. 2. Flotation process   The flotation process includes grinding, grading, slurry adjustment, as well as the coarse selection, fine selection, and sweeping stages of flotation. In these processes, the grinding flotation process can be subdivided into single-stage grinding flotation process, multi-stage process of segmented grinding flotation, and process of re grinding and re selection of concentrate or intermediate ore. In flotation operations, the step of producing coarse concentrate is called roughing; The process of re selecting coarse concentrate is called selection; The step of recycling tailings again is called scanning selection. When the goal is to recover multiple useful minerals from the ore, priority flotation or selective flotation processes can be selected based on mineral characteristics, that is, all useful minerals are first floated out before separation; Alternatively, a mixed separation flotation process can be adopted, where all useful minerals are first floated out before separation. In industrial production practice, it is necessary to select appropriate reagent formulas and flotation processes based on the characteristics of the ore and product requirements. The basic process of flotation, which is the core structure of the process flow, usually involves key elements such as the number of stages, the number of cycles, and the flotation sequence of minerals. 3. Flotation machine:   The types of flotation machines include mechanical agitation flotation machines, inflatable flotation machines, mixed flotation machines or inflatable agitation flotation machines, and gas precipitation flotation machines.   (1) The mechanical stirring flotation machine has the following characteristics: the aeration and stirring of the slurry are both achieved through a mechanical stirrer, and it is an external air self-priming flotation machine. Its inflatable mixer has the suction function of a pump, which can simultaneously suck up air and slurry.   (2) The significant features of the inflatable agitation flotation machine are: the aeration amount can be independently adjusted, the wear degree of the mechanical agitator is relatively small, the beneficiation index is superior, and the energy consumption is low.   (3) The characteristic of the Denver type flotation machine is that it has a large effective aeration capacity and can form an upward flow of slurry in the tank.   (4) The structural features of an inflatable flotation machine include the absence of mechanical agitators and transmission components. The inflation method is to inflate through an inflator, and the size of the bubbles can be controlled by adjusting the structure of the inflator. The mixing method of bubbles and slurry is countercurrent mixing. Its main application is to process rough and sweeping operations with simple composition, high grade, and easy beneficiation.   (5) Gas precipitation flotation machine is mainly used for the flotation of fine-grained minerals and the de oiling flotation of oily wastewater.     Magnetic Separation   1. Principle   Magnetic separation is a process that utilizes the magnetic differences between different ores or materials to separate them under the influence of magnetic and other related forces. 2. Magnetic Separation Process   The magnetic separation process is a magnetite beneficiation technology that combines dry and wet methods. This process mainly involves three-stage magnetic separation of mineral powder, followed by wet material magnetic separation. In the magnetic separation process, the magnetic field strength range used is 400 to 1200 Gauss (GS), and the speed of the magnetic drum is set between 60 to 320 revolutions per minute. After dehydration treatment, the wet material is converted into finished iron concentrate powder. For ores with a general iron content of 35%, after this magnetic separation process, the iron content of the iron concentrate powder can be increased to 68% to 70%. This joint process method has achieved a utilization rate of up to 90% for ore. During the manufacturing process, the water consumption is significantly reduced, thereby saving water resources, lowering production costs, and reducing environmental pollution. In addition, the dust generated during the magnetic separation process is effectively captured by specialized dust removal devices, avoiding air pollution. Overall, this method is an innovative process with high production efficiency, excellent product quality, and environmental friendliness.   Chemical beneficiation   1. Principle   Chemical beneficiation is a resource processing technology that uses chemical methods to change the composition of material components based on their chemical properties, and uses other methods to enrich the target components. This process mainly includes two key steps: chemical leaching and chemical separation. 2. Process:   (1) Usually, ores processed by chemical beneficiation are mostly lean, fine-grained, and complex ores. Based on the occurrence state of the target mineral, the roasting process is indispensable as it prepares for the subsequent leaching steps and facilitates the precipitation of the target mineral. Due to the existence of certain elements in minerals in the form of isomorphism, their precipitation process requires the destruction of the mineral lattice structure. According to the different additives, temperature, and pressure used, calcination can be divided into various types, such as chlorination calcination, calcification calcination, and high-temperature calcination.   (2) The purpose of the leaching step is to transfer useful elements in ionic form into the leaching solution, preparing for the subsequent solid-liquid separation steps. According to different leaching conditions, there are also various classifications of leaching processes, similar to roasting.   (3) Solid liquid separation refers to the process of separating the leached residue from the leachate.

The main causes of accidents causing mechanical injuries are: 1. Neglecting safety measures during maintenance, inspection of machinery, and handling of hidden dangers: Serious consequences have been caused by maintenance personnel entering equipment (ball mills, crushers, etc.) for maintenance, inspection operations, or handling of safety hazards without cutting off the power supply, hanging warning signs that prohibit closing, or setting up dedicated personnel for supervision. Accidents were also caused by misjudgment due to factors such as timed power switches or temporary power outages at that time. There are also cases where, although the equipment is powered off, work is carried out before the inertial operation of the equipment is completely stopped, resulting in serious consequences; 2. Lack of safety devices. If some mechanical transmission belts, gear machines, couplings close to the ground, pulleys, flywheels and other equipment parts that are prone to harm the human body do not have intact protective devices; Some equipment parts such as entry holes, feeding ports, and cage wells lack guardrails and cover plates, and there are no warning signs. If operators accidentally touch these parts, accidents can occur; 3. The layout of the power switch is unreasonable. One situation is not to stop immediately in case of an emergency; Another situation is that several mechanical switches are set together without distinguishing them, which can easily cause serious consequences due to accidental opening of the machinery; 4. Self made or arbitrarily modified mechanical equipment that does not meet safety requirements; 5. In running machinery, perform tasks such as cleaning, jamming, and applying belt wax (such as cleaning waste on running belts); 6. Unauthorized entry into hazardous work areas for mechanical operation (such as sampling, working, passing, picking, etc.); 7. Personnel without the ability to operate machinery or other unauthorized personnel tampering with machinery.   Preventive measures to prevent mechanical injury accidents: 1. The maintenance of machinery must strictly follow the system of power-off, hanging warning signs prohibiting closing, and assigning dedicated personnel for supervision. After the mechanical power is cut off, it must be confirmed that its inertia operation has been completely eliminated before starting work. After the mechanical maintenance is completed and before the trial operation, a detailed inspection of the site must be carried out to confirm that all personnel in the mechanical parts have been completely evacuated before the gate can be closed. During maintenance and testing, it is strictly prohibited for anyone to stay inside the equipment for vehicle counting; 2. Machinery that operators frequently touch with their hands must have a sound emergency brake device, and the position of the brake button must be such that the operator can reach it at any time within the range of mechanical operation; Each transmission part of mechanical equipment must have reliable protective devices; Each inlet, feeding port, screw conveyor and other equipment parts must have cover plates, guardrails and warning signs; Maintain a clean and hygienic working environment; 3. The layout of each mechanical switch must be reasonable and comply with two standards: first, it must be convenient for the operator to stop urgently; Secondly, to avoid accidentally activating other devices; When cleaning up accumulated materials, poking stuck materials, and applying belt wax to machinery, the system of hanging warning signs when shutting down and cutting off power should be followed; 4. It is strictly prohibited for unrelated personnel to enter the mechanical operation site with high risk factors. If non mechanical operators must enter due to personal reasons, they must first contact the on duty mechanical operator and have safety measures in place before agreeing to enter; 5. Personnel operating various types of machinery must undergo professional training, be able to master the basic knowledge of the equipment's performance, pass the examination, and hold a certificate to work. During on-the-job work, it is necessary to operate carefully, strictly follow relevant rules and regulations, use labor protection equipment correctly, and strictly prohibit unlicensed personnel from operating mechanical equipment.   In order to further enhance the safety of mechanical operations, the following additional measures should be taken: 1. Regularly inspect and maintain mechanical equipment to ensure that all safety devices and protective facilities are in good condition, and promptly replace or repair damaged components; 2. Provide regular safety education and training to operators, strengthen safety awareness, and ensure that they understand and comply with operating procedures; 3. Set up clear safety warning signs in the mechanical operation area, such as danger zone warnings, operating procedures instructions, etc., to remind operators to pay attention to safety; For complex mechanical operations, detailed operation manuals and emergency plans should be developed to respond quickly and effectively in emergency situations; 5. Establish and improve accident reporting and investigation mechanisms, thoroughly investigate every accident that occurs, analyze the causes, summarize lessons learned, and prevent similar accidents from happening again; 6. Encourage employees to propose safety improvement suggestions and reward the adopted suggestions to stimulate their enthusiasm for participating in safety management; 7. Install monitoring equipment in the mechanical operation area to monitor the work situation in real time, promptly detect and correct unsafe behaviors. By implementing these comprehensive measures, the incidence of mechanical injury accidents can be greatly reduced, ensuring the safety and physical health of employees.

The purpose of reasonable addition of reagents is to ensure that the reagents can effectively interact with minerals, thereby achieving selective collection of minerals. In addition, maintaining the maximum efficiency and optimal concentration of reagents in the slurry is also crucial for the stability of mineral processing indicators. Therefore, it is necessary to select the appropriate dosing location and method based on the characteristics of the ore, the properties of the chemicals, and the process requirements.   In practical operation, the selection of dosing points is closely related to the usage of the reagent and also to the dosing points of the reagent that will be replaced. Usually, adjusters (such as lime) are added to the grinding machine to eliminate the activation or repression of "inevitable" ions that may have harmful effects on flotation. Depressants should be added before the collector and can generally be added to the mill or mixing tank. Activating reagents are usually added to the mixing and stirring tank. As for the collector and frother, they are usually added to the buffer tank in front of the mixing tank or flotation machine. For some slowly acting collectors (such as cresol diphenyl dithiophosphate, Dithiophosphate 25, kerosene, etc.), in order to promote their dispersion in the slurry and effective interaction with minerals, and prolong their interaction time with minerals, they are sometimes added to the grinding machine.   The common order of adding reagents during flotation of raw ore is: adjusting reagent - depressant - collector - frother; When flotation of minerals is depressed, the dosing sequence is: activator - collector - frother.   In addition, the selection of dosing points also needs to consider the properties of the ore and other specific conditions. For example, in some copper sulfide flotation plants, adding xanthate to the grinding machine has improved the copper separation index. In addition, when installing a single cell flotation machine in the grinding cycle to recover dissociated coarse ore particles, in order to increase the action time of the collector, it is also necessary to add chemicals to the grinding machine.   In terms of dosing methods, flotation reagents can be added in two ways: one-time addition and batch addition.   One time addition refers to adding a certain reagent to the slurry at once before flotation, so that the concentration of the reagent at a certain operating point is higher and it is more convenient to add. In general, one-time dosing is often used for reagents (such as soda, lime, etc.) that are easy to dissolve in water, are not easy to be taken away by foam machinery, and are not easy to react in the slurry and fail.   Batch dosing refers to adding a certain reagent in several batches during the flotation process. In general, 60% to 70% of the total amount is added before flotation, and the remaining 30% to 40% is added in several batches to appropriate positions. This batch dosing method can maintain the concentration of reagents throughout the flotation operation line, thereby stabilizing the beneficiation indicators.   For the following situations, batch addition should be adopted: (1) For those agents that are difficult to dissolve in water and easy to be taken away by foam (such as oleic acid, aliphatic amine collectors). (2) Reagents that are prone to react or decompose and become ineffective in mineral slurry. For example, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, etc., if only added at one point, will quickly react and fail. (3) For reagents that require strict dosage control. For example, if the local concentration of sodium sulfide is too high, it will lose its selectivity. The duration of action of reagents varies, and commonly used reagents in practice can be determined based on experience. For example, pine oil requires 1-3 minutes of action time, while xanthate requires 1-4 minutes.

Iron is widely distributed in nature and is one of the earliest discovered and most commonly used metals. There are various types of iron ore with different grades. Iron can be selected through processes such as crushing, grinding, magnetic separation, flotation, and reselection. The main materials with high industrial value are magnetite, hematite, magnetite, ilmenite, limonite, and siderite. 1. Magnetite ore Magnetite is a type of iron oxide ore, which is a common iron ore mineral. It appears black gray with metallic luster and black streaks. Magnetite is widely distributed in the Earth's crust and often coexists with other minerals. The iron content is 72.4% and it has magnetism. Magnetic separation method can be used in mineral processing, which is very convenient. Due to its fine structure, its reduction performance is poor. After long-term weathering, it becomes hematite. 2. Hematite Hematite is also an iron oxide, with a surface color ranging from red to light gray, sometimes black, and dark red streaks. Commonly found in geological environments such as volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Due to their different structural conditions, they can be divided into many categories, such as Red hematite, Specular hematite, Micaceous hematite, and Red Ocher. Pure hematite has an iron content of 70%, with less harmful impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus, and better reducibility than magnetite. 3. Limonite This is an ore containing iron hydroxide, which is a general term for two different structured ores, goethite and phosphorite, and appears as earthy yellow or brown. Commonly found in geological layers such as mudstone and sandstone containing iron. Due to the weathering of other iron ores, brown iron ore has a relatively soft structure, low specific gravity, and high water content. 4. Titanium iron ore Titanium iron ore is an oxide mineral of iron and titanium, appearing gray to black with a slight metallic luster, also known as titanium magnetite. The main application is to extract rare metal titanium. 5. Siderite Siderite is an ore containing ferrous carbonate, mostly in a bluish gray color. This type of ore mostly contains a considerable amount of calcium and magnesium salts. Although its iron content is not high, it is easy to mine and process.     The common beneficiation methods for iron ore mainly include the following, and the beneficiation methods may vary for different types and characteristics of iron ore: Ⅰ. Magnetic ore beneficiation method 1. Single weak magnetic separation process Suitable for easily selected single magnetite ores with simple mineral composition. It can be further divided into continuous grinding weak magnetic separation process and stage grinding stage separation process. Continuous grinding weak magnetic separation process: suitable for ores with coarse particle size or high iron grade. According to the particle size of the iron ore, one stage grinding or two stages of continuous grinding can be used. After the grinding products meet the separation requirements, weak magnetic separation can be carried out. Stage grinding stage separation process: suitable for low-grade ores with finer embedded particle size. After a stage of grinding, magnetic separation coarse selection is carried out, and some qualified tailings are discarded. The magnetic separation coarse concentrate then enters the second stage of grinding for further grinding and selection. 2. Weak magnetic separation reverse flotation process Mainly aimed at the problem of difficulty in improving the grade of iron ore concentrate and the high composition of impurities such as SiO2 in iron concentrate. The process methods include two types: magnetic separation cation reverse flotation process and magnetic separation anion reverse flotation process. 3. Weak magnetic strong magnetic flotation combined process Mainly used for processing polymetallic coexisting iron ores and mixed iron ores. It is divided into weak magnetic separation flotation process, weak magnetic strong magnetic process, and weak magnetic strong magnetic flotation process. Weak magnetic separation flotation process: mainly used for processing magnetite ore with associated sulfides. Weak magnetic strong magnetic process: mainly used for processing mixed ores with low magnetic properties. Firstly, weak magnetic separation is used to separate weak magnetic magnetite, and then strong magnetic separation is used to recover weak magnetic minerals such as hematite from weak magnetic tailings. Weak magnetic strong magnetic flotation process: used for processing more complex polymetallic coexisting iron ores.   Ⅱ. Mineral processing method for hematite ore 1. Roasting and magnetic separation process When the mineral composition is relatively complex and other beneficiation methods are difficult to obtain good separation indicators, magnetization roasting method is often used. For fine ore, methods such as strong magnetic separation, gravity separation, flotation, and their combined processes are commonly used for separation. 2. Flotation process of hematite The flotation process methods include anionic collector forward flotation, cationic collector reverse flotation, and anionic collector reverse flotation, all of which have been applied in industry. The reverse flotation process has advantages over the forward flotation process because the target of the reverse flotation process is gangue, while the target of the forward flotation process is iron minerals. The effective gravity of gangue in flotation pulp is far lower than that of iron minerals, so it is easier to separate gangue minerals in flotation foam by reverse flotation. Therefore, it is easier to separate gangue minerals in flotation foam by reverse flotation. 3. Weak magnetic strong magnetic process The traditional process flow for processing magnet hematite mixed ore. After the weak magnetic separation tailings are concentrated, they are subjected to strong magnetic coarse selection and scanning selection. The strong magnetic coarse concentrate is concentrated and then selected by a strong magnetic separator. 4. Strong magnetic flotation process Due to the small amount of magnetite and other strong magnetic minerals in the ore, it is easy to cause blockage of the strong magnetic field separator, so when using the strong magnetic separation process. It is usually necessary to add a weak magnetic separation operation before the strong magnetic separation operation to remove or separate the strong magnetic minerals in the ore.   Ⅲ.Mineral processing method for brown iron ore 1. Single selection process For ores with high iron grade and good selectivity. Usually, a simple single separation process is used, including reselection, high-intensity magnetic separation, and flotation. Single re-election process: As the main sorting method for brown iron ore, re-election is mainly used to process coarse-grained disseminated ore. Single magnetic separation process: Strong magnetic separation is also a commonly used method for separating limonite, with a simple process and convenient management. Has strong adaptability to ores, and concentrates are easy to concentrate and filter. But for fine-grained mineral mud, the separation effect is poor. Single flotation process: flotation is divided into two process flows: forward flotation and reverse flotation. 2. Joint selection process Including magnetization roasting magnetic separation process, flotation strong magnetic process, reselection strong magnetic process, etc.   Ⅳ.Mineral processing method for siderite ore 1. Roasting magnetic separation technology Magnetic roasting principle: refers to the physical and chemical reactions that occur in a corresponding atmosphere after heating materials or ores to a certain temperature, thereby thermally decomposing weakly magnetic siderite into strongly magnetic magnetite and magnetite. Magnetic roasting classification: Stacked state magnetic roasting, fluidized state magnetic roasting (cooling method will affect the effect of magnetic roasting of siderite). 2. Strong magnetic separation process: Siderite or magnesiosiderite has weak magnetism. Although the ore grade is low and the mineral composition is complex, strong magnetic separation technology can successfully separate weak magnetic iron minerals such as hematite and limonite, including siderite. 3. Flotation process: There are two main flotation processes: positive flotation for iron enrichment and reverse flotation for desilication. The above is an introduction to commonly used methods for iron ore, and the specific situation should be determined based on the actual characteristics of the ore.     Recommend several reagents for iron ore flotation:   Titanium iron collector 【Characteristics】Black paste like solid 【Water soluble】Partially soluble in water 【Specification】750kg/pallet or 25kg/bag 【Typical applicable minerals】Ilmenite 【Function】This product is mainly used for flotation of ilmenite, with good selectivity and can significantly improve the grade of concentrate.   Red magnetite depressant 【Characteristics】White to light yellow powder 【Specification】25kg/bag, 50kg/bag, 1000kg/bag 【Function】Red magnetite depressant, when added to the slurry, can effectively improve the surface hydrophilicity of minerals such as hematite, magnetite, and limonite, effectively inhibiting them and achieving the improvement and reduction of impurities in iron concentrate. Mainly used for reverse flotation of iron ore.   Reverse flotation (silicate) collector 【Characteristics】Light yellow to yellow liquid 【Water soluble】Insoluble 【Specification】900kg/IBC drum 【Function】Efficient ether amine, suitable for removing silicates from hematite and magnetite, easy to biodegrade.

Characteristics of Molybdenum Ore Molybdenum Ore refers to a metal ore or mineral containing Molybdenum element. Molybdenum Ore has a high hardness, generally between 5-5.5, and a density of approximately 10.2g/cm³. It has a certain stability in air, but is easily oxidized in high temperature and humid environments. Molybdenum Ore often presents as needle shaped or inclined plate-like crystals, appearing gray black or lead gray, sometimes accompanied by blue or purple patches. Has metallic or semi metallic luster, but lacks transparency. Molybdenum Ore   Common Molybdenum Ores include Molybdenite (MoS2), Molybdenum Chalcopyrite (MoAs2), Molybdenum Antimony Copper Ore (CuMoS4), etc. These ores are usually rich in Molybdenum and can be extracted from them through smelting and refining processes. Molybdenite is a sulfide mineral and the most common Molybdenum Ore, with a high Molybdenum content. Molybdenite Ore   Nickel Molybdenum-Bearing Scaly Ore   Quartz Molybdenum Ore     Classification of Molybdenum Ore Molybdenum Ore can be divided into two categories: Sulfide Molybdenum Ore and Oxide Molybdenum Ore. Molybdenum Sulfide Ore refers to ores containing Molybdenum Sulfide, with main minerals such as Molybdenite and Molybdenite. Molybdenum Oxide Ore refers to ores containing Molybdenum Oxide, with main minerals including Molybdate Ore, Molybdenum sand ore, etc. Molybdenum Sulfide Ore is the main source of Molybdenum resources, while Molybdenum Oxide Ore is formed under certain special conditions.   Global resource distribution of Molybdenum Ore Molybdenum resources are widely distributed, with major Molybdenum producing countries around the world including the United States, China, Chile, Canada, and Russia. Among them, the Hilton mining area in Colorado, USA, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces in China, Catamarca in Chile, and British Columbia province in Canada are all famous Molybdenum mining areas. However, due to the limited availability of Molybdenum resources, the global Molybdenum market has been facing a tight supply and demand situation.   Selection of Molybdenum Metal in Molybdenum Ore The content of Molybdenum in Molybdenum Ore is not high, and the currently mined ore contains only a few thousandths or even tens of thousands of Molybdenum. The mined ore cannot be directly supplied for smelting, and must be enriched into Molybdenum concentrate before it can be used as raw material for smelting. The enrichment of Molybdenum containing ores is almost entirely achieved by flotation method. The flotation method can completely separate Molybdenite from gangue and associated minerals. Magnetic separation is sometimes used as the final process to remove impurities such as iron from Molybdenite minerals. The selection process of Molybdenum concentrate usually uses targeted collectors and frothers. Some minerals with high talc content need to be suppressed with depressants before being collected and selected.     Collectors:   M1001 【Characteristics】 A brown oily liquid 【Density】 1.00-1.05g/cm3 【Specification】 1000kg/IBC or 200kg/drum 【Function】 Molybdenum high-efficiency collector, non hydrocarbon oil, with certain foaming properties, mainly used for flotation of Molybdenum Sulfide and Molybdenum Sulfide Copper Ore, especially for fine-grained Molybdenum, which can effectively improve the recovery rate of mineral processing. It has a small dosage and good selectivity, but weak collection ability for pyrite and magnetite.   M1001S 【Characteristics】 A yellow oily liquid with a garlic odor 【Density】0.99-1.03g/cm3 【Water soluble】 Insoluble in water 【Specification】 1000kg/IBC or 200kg/drum 【Typical applicable minerals】 Molybdenum Sulfide Ore, Copper Molybdenum Sulfide Ore, Copper slag 【Function】 This product is an oil based collector that is insoluble in water and belongs to the organic chelating class. A Copper Molybdenum Sulfide mineral collector with excellent selectivity, successfully used for flotation of Copper Ore containing Molybdenite, can improve the recovery rate of Molybdenite and enhance subsequent Copper Molybdenum separation. It can also be used for flotation of low alkalinity primary Copper and Sulfide Copper, and is the main collector for Copper recovery from Copper slag in smelters. This product is one of the most selective Copper collectors, with extremely weak ability to capture pyrite. It can achieve Copper Sulfur separation under low alkalinity conditions and is an excellent collector for high Sulfur Copper ore flotation. This product does not have foaming properties and requires the use of frothers or emulsifiers.   Frothers:    Q6500 【Characteristics】 A yellow to brownish yellow oily liquid 【Density】 0.9-0.95g/cm3 【Specification】 900kg/IBC or 180kg/drum 【Function】 The frother has fast foaming speed, strong foaming ability and good bubble stability, which can effectively reduce the surface tension of the pulp, promote the air dispersion in the pulp, form small bubbles, and effectively interact with the target minerals to form mineralized foam, so that the target minerals can be efficiently enriched in the mineralized foam layer and effectively separated from non target minerals.   Q30 【Characteristics】 This product is a yellow oily liquid 【Density】 0.98-1.02g/cm3 【Specification】 1000kg/IBC or 200kg/drum 【Function】 The frother has strong foaming property. The foaming diameter, bubble merging rate and foam layer thickness are appropriate, which can effectively promote the improvement of concentrate grade and recovery rate. It is suitable for the beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores, rare and precious metal ores, especially for the beneficiation of colored metal ores with high argillaceous gangue content.     Q80 【Characteristics】 A colorless and transparent liquid 【Density】 1.00-1.05g/cm3 【Water soluble】 Partially soluble in water 【Specification】 1000kg/IBC or 200kg/drum 【Typical applicable minerals】 Copper Sulfide ore, Copper Gold Sulfide ore, Copper Lead Zinc Sulfide ore, etc 【Function】The frother forms stable foam by reducing the surface tension of water. The non-polar group of the frother can form strong adsorption with the hydrophobic group of traditional collectors and third-generation ester reagents, so that the target mineral particles can be stably attached to the air bubble and selectively attached to achieve the flotation of the target mineral. Because of its small foam viscosity, normal distribution of foam diameter and low liquid carrying capacity, the foam is fresh and not easy to be directly adsorbed with hydrophilic gangue or minerals, and the entrainment effect is minimal, which can ensure the flotation recovery rate and also improve the grade of concentrate. Applied to replace MIBC in copper sulfide ores, copper gold sulfide ores, copper lead zinc sulfide ores, etc., it is an efficient flotation frother for non-ferrous metal sulfide ores.   Talc Depressant:   D417 【Characteristics】 White to light yellow solid powder 【Density】 1.05-1.15g/cm3 【Specifications】 25kg/bag, 50kg/bag, 1000kg/bag 【Key features】 Depressant for such as talc, serpentine, mica, and pyroxene improve concentrate recovery and grade. 【Function】 Mainly used for efficient suppression of easily floating and mud prone gangue minerals such as talc, serpentine, mica, and pyroxene. It is mostly used for Copper Nickel Ore, Copper Ore, Platinum Ore, etc. It can effectively separate the target mineral from the mud gangue mineral, avoid the cover and adsorption of the target mineral by talc and other mud gangue minerals, and enable the collector to efficiently interact with the target mineral, achieve efficient collection of the target mineral, and improve the recovery rate and grade of the concentrate.   D417S 【Characteristics】Light yellow to brownish yellow solid powder 【Water solubility】 Soluble in water 【Packaging Specifications】 25kg/bag, 750kg/bag, 750kg/pallet 【Key features】 It has a dispersing effect on the slurry, depress talc, silicates, and carbonates. 【Typical applicable minerals】 Copper Ore, Nickel Ore, Nickel Copper Ore, Platinum Ore, etc 【Function】 (1) Depressants selectively interact with minerals such as talc, serpentine, and mica to form a hydrophilic film on their surface, preventing them from interacting with or adhering to bubbles and avoiding their inclusion in concentrate products; (2) Depressants have a certain degree of selective agglomeration effect, which can selectively coagulate the mudified gangue minerals, avoid the mudified gangue minerals from covering and adsorbing on the surface of the target mineral, reduce their adverse interference on the flotation of the target mineral, and enable collectors, frothers, etc. to effectively interact with the target mineral, thereby improving the recovery rate of concentrate; (3) Can effectively depress silicate minerals; (4) The depressed effect on carbonate minerals such as calcite and dolomite is significant.  

1. What is Lead-Zinc mine? Lead Zinc ore refers to a mineral rich in the metal elements Lead and Zinc, usually Sulfides or Oxides. The useful minerals of Lead-Zinc ore are mainly galena (PbS) and sphalerite (ZnS), in addition to white Lead ore (PbCO3), Lead alum (PbSO4), Sphalerite (ZnCO3), and Sphalerite (Zn5 (CO3) 2 (OH) 6). The types of ores are complex, with few single Lead or Zinc ore types. Most Lead-Zinc deposits are commonly associated with more than 50 elements, mainly including Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin, Cadmium, Sulfur, Fluorite, and rare dispersed elements.   Galena belongs to the equiaxed crystal system, with crystals in the form of cubes or aggregates of cubes and octahedra, usually in the form of Lead gray, metallic luster granular or block aggregates. Another important feature of galena is the development of three sets of completely perpendicular cleavage, which can easily break into small cubic pieces.     Sphalerite has an equiaxed crystal system, with crystals appearing tetrahedral and usually in granular aggregates; The color changes from light yellow to brown, and even black, as the iron content increases; The stripes range from white to brown, with a resin luster to semi metallic luster, and transparent to semi transparent.     2. Classification Ⅰ. Sulfide type Lead-Zinc ore: mainly including Sphalerite, Galena, etc. Ⅱ. Oxidized Lead-Zinc ores: mainly including Sphalerite, Ilmenite, etc.     3. Characteristics Ⅰ. Sulfide type Lead-Zinc ore: usually black or dark gray in color, with metallic luster, high hardness, and high specific gravity. Ⅱ. Oxidized Lead-Zinc ore: usually white or light yellow in color, with a glassy luster, low hardness, and low specific gravity.     4. Distribution Distributed around the world, mainly concentrated in North America, Europe, and Asia. China is also one of the important production areas, mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Guizhou and other places.     5. Recommended Reagents for Lead Zinc ore flotation as below:   Lead collectors:   Collector HYDR420 【Characteristics】Yellow to brown liquid 【Specification】1200kg/IBC drum or 240kg/drum 【Function】Used for flotation separation of Lead-Zinc Sulfide ore, Copper Zinc Sulfide ore, and Copper Lead-Zinc Sulfide ore, it has strong collection ability for Copper and Lead, weak collection ability for Zinc, and can significantly improve the grade and yield of Copper and Lead concentrates, while greatly reducing the mutual inclusion of Zinc in Copper Lead concentrates. Weak capturing power for Pyrite and Magnetite, suitable for high Sulfur Copper and high Sulfur Copper Gold mines, can reduce the dosage of lime or sulfur depressants. Lead ore has strong capture ability and can be directly used for flotation without pre sulfurization. This product is a liquid that does not require dissolution and is easy to use. It is an excellent alternative to solid Xanthate and MBT, and can be used alone or in combination with other collectors.   Collector HYDR620 【Characteristics】Yellow oily liquid 【Specification】1100kg/IBC drum or 220kg/drum 【Typical applicable minerals】Iron ore desulfurization, Pyrite, Copper Sulfide ore, Nickel Sulfide ore, Lead-Zinc Sulfide ore, Gold ore 【Function】This product is an oil based collector that is insoluble in water and belongs to the organic chelating class. Mainly used for flotation of Sulfide ores containing Copper, Lead, Zinc, and Nickel that are difficult to select. The product has stable properties and is suitable for use within the pH range of 4-12. When the particle recovery rate is low, the product is also suitable and very effective for excessive grinding of Molybdenite and Galena. Due to its insolubility in water, this product is not easily adsorbed by gangue minerals such as clay, talc, and chlorite, which can effectively improve the grade of the concentrate. Under acidic conditions, it has strong capturing power for Pyrite and is applied in Pyrite flotation and iron ore desulfurization. Its dosage is about 50% to 80% of the dosage of Xanthate, and the flotation efficiency is much better than that of xanthate. When the pH of the slurry is greater than 8, the product has weak collection ability for Pyrite and is an excellent collector for low alkalinity sulfide flotation. At the same time, this product has strong capturing power for rare and precious metals such as Gold and Silver, and can be used as a Gold and Silver mineral collector or auxiliary collector.   Collector YX3418A-6 【Characteristics】Brown transparent liquid 【Water soluble】Slightly soluble in water 【Specification】1000kg/IBC drum or 200kg/drum 【Typical applicable minerals】Lead-Zinc sulfide ore 【Function】This product is suitable for Lead Zinc Sulfide minerals and is an excellent collector for Lead Sulfide minerals. Applied in the Lead flotation stage, it has strong capturing power for Lead Sulfide and weak capturing power for Zinc Sulfide and Pyrite. It can significantly improve the grade and recovery rate of Lead Sulfide, while reducing Zinc and Sulfur in Lead concentrate. It is an efficient collector for Lead Zinc separation.     Zinc collector:   Collector YX091 【Characteristics】Light yellow to dark yellow transparent oily liquid 【Specification】1000kg/IBC drum or 200kg/drum 【Function】Highly efficient collector for Sulfide ores, with weak foaming properties, mainly used for flotation of difficult to select Copper Sulfide, Copper Gold Sulfide ores, and Zinc Sulfide ores. It can effectively improve the recovery rate of mineral processing and is an excellent substitute for ethylenethiourea.   Collector Z1020S 【Characteristics】Light yellow to yellow liquid 【Specification】1000kg/IBC drum or 200kg/drum 【Function】Zinc Sulfide is an efficient collector with strong foaming properties, mainly used in Zinc flotation processes for Sulfide ores such as Copper Zinc, Lead Zinc, and Copper Lead Zinc, which can reduce the amount of frother used. This product has extremely strong collection ability and good selectivity for Zinc Sulfide, but weak collection ability for Pyrite and Magnetite, and can achieve Zinc Sulfur separation under low alkalinity conditions. Compared with traditional Zinc collectors such as Xanthate, the use of this product can reduce the amount of Copper Sulfate, lime, or other sulfur depressants, while ensuring the grade of Zinc concentrate and significantly improving the recovery rate of Zinc concentrate.     Frothers:   Frother Q70 【Characteristics】Yellow transparent liquid 【Water soluble】Partially soluble in water 【Specification】950kg/IBC drum or 190kg/drum 【Typical applicable minerals】Copper Sulfide ore, Copper Gold Sulfide ore, Copper Lead Zinc Sulfide ore, etc 【Function】Suitable for flotation of various nonferrous metal Sulphide ores. Under small consumption, there are many foam formed, and the bubbles have the characteristics of reasonable size distribution, moderate toughness, and low viscosity; It has good fluidity and appropriate water solubility, is non-toxic, odorless, non corrosive, and easy to transport, add, and other operations. The foaming performance is not (or minimally) affected by the pH value of the slurry or other components in the slurry (such as inevitable ions and other flotation reagents); It does not have a capturing effect and does not affect the selectivity of the capturing reagent.   Frother Q60 【Characteristics】Yellow to brownish yellow oily liquid 【Specification】950kg/IBC drum or 190kg/drum 【Function】Has a fast foaming rate and strong foaming ability, and is suitable for the beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores and rare and precious metal ores, especially for the beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores with a high proportion of target minerals and high content of mudstone gangue.   Frother Q80 【Characteristics】Colorless Transparent Liquid 【Water soluble】Partially soluble in water 【Specification】1000kg/IBC drum or 200kg/drum 【Typical applicable minerals】Copper Sulfide ore, Copper Gold Sulfide ore, Copper Lead Zinc Sulfide ore, etc 【Function】This frother forms stable foam by reducing the Surface tension of water. The non-polar group of the frother can form strong adsorption with the hydrophobic group of traditional collectors and third-generation ester reagents, so that the target mineral particles can be stably attached to the air bubble and selectively attached to achieve the flotation of the target mineral. Because of its small foam viscosity, normal distribution of foam diameter and low liquid carrying capacity, the foam is fresh and not easy to be directly adsorbed with hydrophilic gangue or minerals, and the entrainment effect is minimal, which can ensure the flotation recovery rate and also improve the grade of concentrate. Applied to Copper Sulfide ores, Copper Gold Sulfide ores, Copper Lead Zinc Sulfide ores, etc., it is an efficient flotation frother for non-ferrous metal Sulfide ores.