China Y&X Beijing Technology Co., Ltd. Company News

  On June 27, Chemaf Resources Limited (CRL) announced that it has reached an agreement to sell the company, including its subsidiaries, to a wholly-owned subsidiary of Norin Mining Limited. This acquisition will provide Norin Mining with two copper-cobalt mining projects in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Etoile and Mutoshi. The proposed transaction is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2024, pending the fulfillment of customary closing conditions.   Chemaf SA, founded in 2001, is a prominent operator and developer of copper and cobalt projects in the DRC. Over the past two decades, Chemaf has produced more than 300,000 tonnes of copper and 55,000 tonnes of cobalt hydroxide from the Etoile mine. The future of Chemaf lies in the expansion of the Etoile mine (Etoile Phase II) and the development of the new greenfield Mutoshi mine, both of which are in the late stages of development. These projects have the potential to collectively produce over 75,000 tonnes of copper and 20,000 tonnes of cobalt hydroxide annually.   CRL holds 94.68% of Chemaf's shares, with the remaining 5% held by the DRC government. CRL was founded by Chairman Shiraz Virji and is headquartered in Dubai. It is a subsidiary of the Chemaf Group, which in turn is part of the Shalina Group.   Norin Mining, an established mining and trading company, has a diverse portfolio of base metal projects across the African continent, including two existing projects in the DRC: Comika and Lamikal. In 2023, Norin Mining generated $4.3 billion in revenue from its mineral-related activities.   Jeremy Meynert, Chairman Shiraz Virji's advisor and Chemaf Group's advisor, commented: "After a highly competitive international auction process, we are delighted to have signed a deal with Norin Mining. This transaction will allow CRL and Chemaf to meet their obligations to existing lenders and creditors. Importantly, Chemaf has found a new owner with the experience and determination necessary to manage Shiraz Virji's assets and complete the Etoile Phase II and Mutoshi projects. Despite the numerous challenges Chemaf has faced over the past 12 months, the resilience of our management team, the dedication of our employees and contractors, and the support of our suppliers have enabled us to continue production at the Etoile mine while seeking new capital to advance the Etoile Phase II and Mutoshi development projects. Ongoing production has given us the time to secure the best possible deal for all stakeholders."   Chemaf founder and Chairman Shiraz Virji stated: "For over 20 years, Chemaf has been a proud family-owned business. Our operations have brought significant economic and social benefits to the communities where our projects are located and to the DRC as a whole through job creation, community, environmental, and healthcare programs, and the payment of royalties and taxes. I am immensely proud and grateful for the efforts of our team in establishing Chemaf as a leading copper and cobalt producer in the DRC. I also appreciate the professionalism and commitment of the Norin Mining team towards this transaction. Norin Mining has a strong track record in mining operations and development, particularly in the DRC, making them an ideal choice to bring Etoile Phase II and Mutoshi into production. I wish them every success and am confident that under their leadership, Chemaf will continue to contribute significantly to the economic and social development of the DRC."     Strategic Assessment and Investment Process In recent years, Chemaf has undertaken a significant expansion of its Etoile mine in Lubumbashi, Katanga Province, while developing the large greenfield Mutoshi mine in Kolwezi, Lualaba Province. Despite substantial investment exceeding $600 million, additional funding is required to complete these projects. The decline in copper and cobalt prices, impacting cash flow from the existing Etoile mine, combined with inflationary pressures in the global mining industry, has resulted in a funding shortfall. Consequently, in August 2023, CRL initiated a strategic review led by Jeremy Meynert.   After a comprehensive review of various financing options, CRL decided to pursue an equity investment process to secure direct investment at the CRL level, including the potential sale of the company. The equity investment process began in September 2023, focusing on finding an investor with a strong track record in responsible mining operations and project development to complete the Etoile Phase II and Mutoshi projects.   The company received significant interest from investors worldwide, ultimately leading to the proposed transaction with Norin Mining.   Transaction Overview Norin Mining's subsidiary, Kingco, has signed a share purchase agreement with the Chemaf Group to acquire all of Chemaf Group's shares in CRL. Chemaf will remain a subsidiary of CRL. Kingco has also agreed to acquire Shiraz Virji's direct shares in Chemaf.   The DRC government has approved the sale of CRL, which will result in an indirect change of control of Chemaf. The transaction remains subject to customary closing conditions, including approvals from Chemaf's partner Gecamines SA in Mutoshi and Chinese regulatory authorities.   The transaction consideration will primarily be allocated to CRL and Chemaf's lenders and creditors, with major lenders having signed settlement agreements.

  Copper oxide ores are an important mineral resource, and due to the unique properties of oxide minerals, their flotation process is quite complex. Understanding the flotation methods of copper oxide ores and their mixed ores is essential for improving copper recovery rates and economic efficiency. This article will provide a detailed introduction to the conventional flotation methods for copper oxide ores and discuss the characteristics of non-ferrous metal oxide ores and their impact on the flotation process.   Characteristics of Non-Ferrous Metal Oxide Ores   1. Complex Structure: Non-ferrous metal oxide ores have a complex structure and fine-grained dissemination, making them difficult to liberate during fine grinding, which often leads to the formation of slimes. 2. Diverse Composition: These ores often contain multiple types of oxide minerals within the same deposit, resulting in significant differences in floatability. 3. High Mud and Soluble Salts Content: These ores typically contain a large amount of mud and soluble salts. 4. Variable Properties: The properties of non-ferrous oxide ores vary greatly between different deposits, including differences in the degree of oxidation and ore characteristics.   Due to these characteristics, the flotation process of oxide ores is relatively difficult. Common types of copper oxide minerals include malachite, azurite, followed by chrysocolla and cuprite.     Flotation Methods for Copper Oxide Ores and Their Mixed Ores   1. Sulphidization Flotation: This is a common and straightforward process. Any oxidized copper ore that can be sulphidized can be processed using this method. Sulphidized oxidized minerals can be floated with xanthate collectors. The amount of sodium sulfide used for sulphidization should be controlled based on the amount of raw ore. Sodium sulfide and other sulphidizing agents should be added to the slurry in batches without prior mixing, as the sulphide film formed is unstable and can detach under intense agitation. The sulphidization rate increases as the slurry pH decreases. When the slurry contains a lot of mud, a dispersant such as sodium silicate should be added. Collectors like butyl xanthate or a combination of black reagents can be used for collection. The slurry pH should be maintained around 9, and if it drops too low, lime should be added for adjustment.   2.Organic Acid Flotation: This method can be used for the flotation of malachite and azurite. When gangue minerals are not carbonate minerals, this method can be used to treat non-ferrous metal oxide ores. Otherwise, the flotation selectivity is lost. If the gangue minerals contain a lot of floatable iron and manganese minerals, the flotation selectivity is lost, affecting the flotation indices. When using organic acid collectors, gangue mineral depressants (such as sodium carbonate, sodium silicate, and phosphates) and pH regulators should be added. Some concentrators also use a combined flotation method of sulphidization and organic acid flotation, first floating sulphide copper and part of the oxidized copper, then using organic acid to float the remaining oxidized copper.   3. Leaching-Precipitation-Flotation: This method is used when sulphidization and organic acid flotation are ineffective. Oxidized copper minerals dissolve easily and can be leached with sulfuric acid. The dissolved copper can be precipitated with iron powder, and the precipitated copper can then be floated. This method requires the ore to be ground to liberation, depending on the mineral particle size. A dilute sulfuric acid solution is used for leaching, with the amount adjusted based on ore properties. For difficult-to-leach ores, heating may be used to improve leaching efficiency. The entire flotation process is conducted in an acidic medium, and cresylic acid or di-xanthate can be used as collectors for copper.   4. Ammonia Leaching-Sulphidization-Flotation: For ores with a high content of basic minerals, acid leaching increases reagent consumption and production costs. Therefore, concentrators generally use ammonia leaching. After fine grinding, sulfur powder is added for ammonia leaching. Ammonia and carbon dioxide react with copper ions in oxidized copper ores, forming new sulphide copper particles, which are then floated. The pH of the slurry is maintained at 6.5-7.5. Standard sulphide copper flotation reagents are used, and the ammonia generated during the process should be promptly recovered to prevent environmental pollution.   5. Separation-Flotation: The ore of suitable particle size is mixed with coal powder and salt, then subjected to chloridizing reduction roasting at 700-800°C. Chloridized copper evaporates and is reduced to metallic copper, adsorbed onto coal particles, which are then floated to obtain the concentrate. This method is mainly used for refractory copper oxide ores and ores with high malachite and cuprite content, and it is particularly effective for ores with a high mud content.   6. Mixed Copper Ore Flotation: The flotation process for these ores should be determined based on beneficiation tests. The flotation process can involve floating sulphide and oxidized minerals together, or first floating sulphide minerals, followed by floating oxidized minerals from the tailings. The conditions for floating oxidized and sulphide copper minerals are similar, but as the content of oxides decreases, the amounts of sodium sulfide and collectors should be reduced accordingly.   In summary, there are many flotation methods for copper oxide ores, each with its applicable ore types and process characteristics. Choosing and optimizing these methods based on the specific ore properties and flotation indices can effectively improve the recovery rate and concentrate grade of copper oxide ores, maximizing economic benefits.     Y&X Beijing Technology Co., Ltd. is a dedicated provider of beneficiation solutions for metal mines, specializing in efficient and environmentally friendly reagents. With extensive experience in copper, molybdenum, gold, silver, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesium, rare metals like cobalt and palladium, and non-metallic ores like bismuth, fluorite, and phosphate, we offer customized solutions tailored to the specific nature of your ore and production conditions. Our goal is to ensure maximum benefits for our customers through advanced beneficiation methods and high-efficiency reagents. Y&X is committed to providing one-stop beneficiation solutions and looks forward to a successful partnership with you.  

Introducing Mining Collector YX3418A: The Effective Solution for Sulfide Ore Beneficiation   Collector YX3418A is an innovative and highly effective beneficiation agent designed to enhance the flotation process of various sulfide ores. This product boasts exceptional features and advantages that make it an ideal choice for mineral processing industries. Here, we delve into the key characteristics and benefits of YX3418A, highlighting its application across different ore types.   Key Features and Advantages of Collector YX3418A High Active Substance Content: YX3418A contains over 90% active beneficiation substances, ensuring superior performance in ore processing. Excellent Collecting Power: This collector exhibits strong collecting capabilities, significantly improving the enrichment ratio of metals. Versatile Application Conditions: It performs effectively under both acidic and alkaline conditions, providing flexibility in various processing environments. Weak Foaming Properties: YX3418A generates minimal foam, making it easier to manage during the flotation process. Safe and Non-Hazardous: This product is non-hazardous, ensuring safe handling and usage. Ease of Use: YX3418A is designed for ease of use, requiring no preparation before application. It should be added directly to the flotation process. Cost-Effective and High Performance: YX3418A delivers almost the same process indicators as leading chemicals in the market but with added benefits. It is a cost-effective solution that maintains high performance standards while being safer to handle and use. Flexible Utilization: This product can be utilized alone or in combination with xanthates, offering flexibility in optimizing flotation processes.     Applications of Collector YX3418A in Mineral Processing YX3418A is specifically designed to enhance the recovery and grade of various sulfide ores, including copper sulfide, copper-zinc sulfide, lead-zinc sulfide, and copper-gold sulfide ores. Here’s how YX3418A works with each ore type:   Copper Sulfide and Copper-Zinc Sulfide Ores: YX3418A significantly improves the grade and recovery rate of copper concentrate. Its strong collecting power ensures higher yields of valuable metals. Copper-Gold Sulfide Ores: When used in copper-gold sulfide ore flotation, YX3418A enhances the recovery rate of precious metals such as gold and silver, increasing the overall value of the extracted concentrate. Lead-Zinc Sulfide Ores: In lead flotation, YX3418A demonstrates strong collecting power for lead, markedly improving lead recovery rates during the flotation process.   Conclusion Collector YX3418A stands out as a powerful, versatile, and safe flotation chemical for the beneficiation of sulfide ores. Its ability to improve metal recovery rates, enhance concentrate grades, and operate effectively in diverse conditions makes it an good assistant for mineral processing industries. By choosing YX3418A, we can achieve ideal results and optimize our beneficiation processes efficiently.   Y&X Beijing Technology Co., Ltd. is a dedicated provider of beneficiation solutions for metal mines, specializing in efficient and environmentally friendly reagents. With extensive experience in copper, molybdenum, gold, silver, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesium, rare metals like cobalt and palladium, and non-metallic ores like bismuth, fluorite, and phosphate, we offer customized solutions tailored to the specific nature of your ore and production conditions. Our goal is to ensure maximum benefits for our customers through advanced beneficiation methods and high-efficiency reagents. Y&X is committed to providing one-stop beneficiation solutions and looks forward to a successful partnership with you.

Contents: ・Types of Carbonaceous Materials in Gold Ores ・Pre-treatment Methods for Carbonaceous Gold Ores ・How to Enhance Gold Leaching? ・Conclusion   Gold extraction from carbonaceous gold ores, which are prevalent in black (or carbonaceous) rock series and sedimentary rock series, presents significant challenges due to the presence of organic carbon. This type of ore has been recognized since the early 20th century for its detrimental impact on cyanide leaching. Carbonaceous gold ores are typically defined as those containing organic carbon that interacts with gold cyanide complexes, making conventional cyanide leaching ineffective. Some of the most famous carbonaceous gold deposits include the Carlin gold mine in the United States and the Muruntau gold mine in Uzbekistan, with significant deposits also found in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and China.   Studies have shown that carbonaceous materials in primary ore deposits, especially those in sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits, play a crucial role in their formation. When organic carbon compounds exceed 0.2%, they significantly hinder the cyanide leaching process, leading to the classification of such ores as carbonaceous gold ores. Besides the harmful effects of carbonaceous materials, these ores also exhibit mineralogical characteristics typical of refractory ores, such as gold encapsulation in sulfides or clay minerals. In many carbonaceous gold ores, gold coexists with pyrite or other sulfides. In certain finely disseminated and metamorphic rock-type gold deposits, carbonaceous material is a primary gold carrier.   Types of Carbonaceous Materials in Gold Ores Carbonaceous materials in gold ores are categorized into three types: elemental (solid) carbon, polymeric hydrocarbon mixtures, and organic acids similar to humic acids, collectively referred to as organic carbon. The presence of carbonaceous material in the ore is generally attributed to the introduction of small amounts of organic matter (potentially including hydrocarbons) during hydrothermal activity. Elemental carbon occurs in forms such as graphite, amorphous carbon, and poorly crystallized pseudo-graphite (a mixture of amorphous and graphite structures), primarily composed of carbon and generally gold-free. Solid carbon, particularly amorphous carbon, exhibits activated carbon-like properties during cyanide leaching, adsorbing dissolved gold-cyanide complexes. The organic components of carbonaceous ore include long-chain hydrocarbons that do not interact with gold cyanide complexes and organic acids that form complexes with gold-cyanide salts. Chinese researchers classify organic carbon in finely disseminated gold ores into chloroform-soluble organic matter and insoluble organic matter (kerogen).   Pre-treatment Methods for Carbonaceous Gold Ores Pre-treatment methods for carbonaceous gold ores include removing or decomposing the carbonaceous material or rendering it inactive during cyanide leaching. The latter approach eliminates the harmful effects of carbonaceous material on cyanide leaching without destroying the carbonaceous content of the ore, and therefore does not liberate gold initially encapsulated in carbonaceous materials.   Roasting is the most commonly used method for the pretreatment of carbonaceous gold ores. By roasting these ores in the air, the gold locked within the minerals can be effectively exposed, eliminating the adsorption of gold cyanide complexes by carbonaceous matter, and thereby successfully increasing the gold leaching rate. Currently, the primary focus in the development and utilization of carbonaceous gold mines is on the single recovery of gold, rather than the effective comprehensive recovery or utilization of other components. With the high energy consumption and the need to treat SO2 emissions, the cost pressures associated with the conventional roasting process are becoming increasingly prominent. Due to its strong applicability, simple technological process, and remarkable recovery rates, the roasting method will continue to be widely used in the industrial production of carbonaceous gold mines for a long time to come. Therefore, increasing the comprehensive recovery and utilization rate of carbonaceous gold ores and reducing the cost of waste gas treatment are two key future development directions for roasting pretreatment technology.   How to Enhance Gold Leaching? To address the challenges posed by conventional cyanide leaching, Y&X Beijing Technology Co., Ltd. has developed the eco-friendly gold leaching reagent YX500. This innovative reagent effectively replaces sodium cyanide and can be used in various gold beneficiation and smelting processes. YX500 offers numerous advantages, including low toxicity, environmental friendliness, high recovery rates, stability, and ease of operation, making it a superior alternative for gold extraction.   Conclusion In summary, the presence of carbonaceous materials in gold ores presents significant challenges to gold extraction using conventional cyanide leaching methods. To enhance gold leaching efficiency, it is crucial to minimize the impact of carbon on the process. Additionally, addressing environmental and health concerns associated with cyanide use is essential. YX500 by Y&X Beijing Technology Co., Ltd. offers an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to sodium cyanide, enhancing gold recovery while reducing environmental and health risks.

significant market opportunities ahead. In addition to increasing copper capacity, Vale has also enhanced its nickel production capacity. Nickel, a crucial material for batteries, plays a vital role in the burgeoning electric vehicle industry. As global interest in electric vehicles and clean energy grows, so does the demand for nickel. Vale has successfully optimized its mining and processing operations to meet this growing demand.   Image source: Vale Base Metals, Phase 1 of the Salobo III Project.   Former Anglo American CEO and current chairman of Vale's Base Metals Board, Mark Cutifani, outlined a plan on Thursday that includes multi-billion dollar capital expenditures to improve productivity at nickel and copper mines and processing plants, and reduce costs. Announcing the investment plan, Cutifani stated, "We firmly believe that through continuous investment and technological innovation, we can improve productivity and efficiency, reduce costs, and meet market demand for metals such as copper and nickel." He emphasized that Vale is committed to providing high-quality products and services to its customers while actively fulfilling social responsibilities and focusing on environmental protection and sustainable development.   Last month, copper prices surged to record levels due to speculative investments betting on impending shortages, which drew a flood of speculative capital. Although copper prices have since retreated, it is widely believed that the copper market may face shortages in the coming years. The world's largest mining companies are seeking to increase production in anticipation of future price hikes.   Last year, Vale spun off its Base Metals business into an independent unit and sold a 10% stake to Saudi Arabia. The Rio de Janeiro-based metals producer has been exploring liquidity options for this business, which might include an initial public offering (IPO).   Vale expects to achieve some "early wins" through initiatives such as using its own metals to reduce idle capacity at the Sudbury mines in Canada. With an initial investment of $800 million, the company anticipates copper production to increase by 5% and nickel production by 10% by 2026 compared to forecasts from December.   Citi analysts commented in a report to clients, "This presentation was impressive... but many of the near-term concepts have been heard in past presentations." They described the Base Metals business as "a story for equity investors."   By pursuing this ambitious investment plan, Vale aims to solidify its position as a leading global supplier of essential metals, prepared to meet the challenges and opportunities of the future market.

Kamoa-Kakula Copper Mine Becomes the World's Third-Largest Copper Mine   Ivanhoe Mines announced on Tuesday that its Phase 3 concentrator at the Kamoa-Kakula copper mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo has achieved its first production of concentrate.   Ivanhoe Mines, a Canadian mining company, is advancing three major projects in Southern Africa. The Kamoa-Kakula Copper Mine project is co-owned by Zijin Mining and Ivanhoe Mines, with both being the largest shareholders. Zijin Mining is also the second-largest shareholder of Ivanhoe Mines, holding approximately 13.7% of its shares, and has a beneficial ownership of around 45% in Kamoa Copper, making it the largest beneficial shareholder.   The Phase 3 concentrator was completed roughly six months ahead of schedule. Once fully operational, it is expected to increase Kamoa-Kakula's annual copper production to over 600,000 tonnes.   The Phase 3 concentrator has a designed annual capacity of 5 million tonnes, which is 30% higher than the combined capacity of the Phase 1 and Phase 2 concentrators located 10 kilometers away.   In May, the Phase 1 and Phase 2 concentrators produced 35,474 tonnes of copper, marking the best performance in the past 12 months.   With the completion of the Phase 3 concentrator, Kamoa-Kakula has become the world's third-largest copper mine, following Chile's Escondida and Indonesia's Grasberg, and is now the largest copper mine in Africa.

What is Excellent Performance Carbon Depressant D486/D486S? D486/D486S is a specialized carbon depressant developed independently by Y&X Beijing Technology Co., Ltd. This innovative product is designed to inhibit fine carbon minerals such as graphite, organic carbon, and free carbon. It finds widespread application in the flotation of nonferrous and precious metal ores, including copper, gold, copper-gold, lead-zinc, and others. D486/D486S serves as an effective alternative to Cytec 636/633.     Principles and Effects D486/D486S operates by selectively targeting graphite, organic carbon, and free carbon. It renders the surfaces of these carbonaceous materials strongly hydrophilic. This prevents graphite or organic carbon from adsorbing reagents, competing for flotation, or covering and adsorbing on the surfaces of target minerals. Consequently, the target minerals can efficiently interact with collectors, leading to their effective recovery. This process enhances the concentrate grade and recovery rate of the target minerals while reducing the required amounts of collectors and frothers.   Detailed Information on D486/D486S Packing Specifications - Available in 25 kg bags or 750 kg bags.   Usage and Dosage - The prepared solution concentration of D486/D486S should be less than 3%. - It is added during the flotation process, typically at the mixing barrel, flotation tank, or ball mill. - Recommended dosage ranges from 50 to 1000 grams per ton of raw ore.   Preparation Method 1. Add water to the mixing bucket and start stirring. 2. Slowly add the agent to the water, ensuring it disperses fully. 3. Stir for 1-2 hours until the agent is completely dissolved in the water.   Benefits of D486/D486S in Flotation Separating graphite and organic carbon from sulfide minerals poses significant challenges due to graphite's high floatability and low hardness. Traditional processes involving decarbonization followed by flotation often result in the loss of target minerals, complications in tailings water reuse, and high operational costs.   D486/D486S offers a solution by selectively inhibiting graphite and organic carbon. This allows for the direct flotation of target minerals without the need for pre-decarbonization.   The benefits include: - Prevention of mineral loss. - Simplified reuse of tailings water. - Improved recovery rates and concentrate grades. - Reduced reagent consumption.   In summary, D486/D486S is an advanced depressant that significantly enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of the flotation process for nonferrous and precious metal ores, providing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods.

Contents The Impact of Grinding Particle Size on Flotation Preventing and Mitigating Excessive Slimes in Grinding Pulp Why Coarse Particles Are Difficult to Float and What Measures to Take Difficulties in Flotation of Fine Particles and Measures to Take The Impact of Slimes on Flotation and Solutions   The Impact of Grinding Particle Size on Flotation Coarse particles (greater than 0.1mm) and extremely fine particles (less than 0.006mm) can negatively impact flotation effectiveness and recovery rates.   Flotation of Coarse Particles When floating coarse particles, their significant weight increases the detachment force, making it difficult for them to adhere to bubbles, resulting in metal loss and affecting the grade of the concentrate. To address this, the following measures should be taken: 1. Use sufficient amounts of the most effective collectors. 2. Increase aeration of the pulp, producing larger bubbles and more microbubbles precipitated in water. 3. Ensure appropriate agitation intensity of the pulp. 4. Increase pulp density appropriately. 5. Ensure rapid and steady scraping of bubbles during froth scraping.   Flotation of Extremely Fine Particles When floating extremely fine particles (usually less than 5-10μm), the following issues arise: 1. Fine particles easily adhere to bubbles, reducing the floatability of coarse particles, leading to poorer selectivity and separation efficiency, and lowering concentrate grade. 2. Fine particles have a large surface area, absorbing significant amounts of flotation reagents, reducing the reagent concentration in the pulp and disrupting the normal flotation process, thus lowering flotation indicators. 3. Fine particles have high surface activity, interacting easily with various reagents, making separation difficult. They have strong hydration, overly stabilizing the froth and making it difficult to concentrate, reducing the quality of the concentrate and the flowability and concentration efficiency of the froth product.   Preventing and Mitigating Excessive Slimes in Grinding Pulp To prevent and mitigate excessive slimes, the following methods are commonly used: 1. Reduce and prevent the generation of slimes by adopting multi-stage grinding processes and staged beneficiation processes. Proper selection of grinding and classification equipment and improving the efficiency of classifiers is essential. 2. Add reagents to eliminate the harmful effects of slimes, such as water glass, soda, and caustic soda, to reduce the covering and flocculation effects of slimes. To mitigate the harmful impact of slimes absorbing large amounts of reagents, consider staged reagent addition. 3. Deslime the ground ore before flotation, discarding it as tailings. If the slimes contain valuable components, they can be treated separately by flotation or sent for hydrometallurgical processing.   Common desliming methods include: -Classifier desliming. -Hydrocyclone desliming. -In special cases, add a small amount of frother before flotation to float and remove easily floatable slimes.   Why Coarse Particles Are Difficult to Float and What Measures to Take Coarse grinding can save grinding costs and reduce expenses. In flotation plants processing ores with uneven dissemination, there is a trend towards coarser grinding sizes, provided that the rougher recovery rate is ensured. However, coarse particles are heavier and harder to suspend in the flotation cell, reducing the chances of collision with bubbles. Additionally, once attached to bubbles, the large detachment force makes them prone to falling off. To improve coarse particle flotation, the following measures can be taken: 1. Use collectors with stronger collecting power and add auxiliary collectors like kerosene or diesel to strengthen coarse particle collection, increasing the attachment and adhesion strength to bubbles, reducing detachment. 2. Increase the pulp density to enhance buoyancy. Ensure stable froth layers and appropriate agitation to promote coarse particle suspension and attachment to bubbles. 3. Increase aeration to create larger bubbles and "bubble clusters" formed by large and small bubbles, which have higher buoyancy to carry coarse particles upwards. 4. Use shallow flotation cells to shorten the flotation path and reduce particle detachment. Alternatively, use specialized flotation machines suited for coarse particles, such as cyclonic flotation cells and SkimAir flotation machines. 5. Utilize rapid and steady froth scrapers to promptly remove floated froth, reducing particle detachment.   Difficulties in Flotation of Fine Particles and Measures to Take Fine particle separation in flotation is challenging due to: 1. Large specific surface area and increased surface energy, leading to non-selective aggregation between different mineral surfaces under certain conditions. Despite high reagent adsorption, selectivity is poor, making selective separation difficult. 2. Small volume reduces collision chances with bubbles. The small mass makes it difficult to overcome the hydration layer resistance between particles and bubbles, hindering attachment.   To address fine particle flotation challenges, the following measures can be implemented: 1. Selective flocculation flotation: Use flocculants to selectively flocculate target mineral micro-particles or gangue fines, then separate them by flotation. 2. Carrier flotation: Use regular flotation-sized particles as carriers to float target mineral fines. The carrier can be similar or different minerals. For example, pyrite can be used to float fine gold particles, and calcite to float micro-fine iron and titanium impurities in kaolin. 3. Agglomeration flotation, also known as emulsion flotation: Fine mineral particles treated with collectors form oil-coated froth under the action of neutral oils. The collector and neutral oil can be premixed into an emulsion and added to the pulp, or added separately into high-density pulp, agitated vigorously, then the upper froth is skimmed off. This method has been used for fine manganese, ilmenite, and apatite ores.   The Impact of Slimes on Flotation and Solutions If the flotation pulp contains excessive slimes, it negatively affects flotation in the following ways: 1. Slimes easily mix into froth products, reducing concentrate grade. 2. Slimes cover coarse particles, hindering their flotation. 3. Slimes absorb large amounts of reagents, increasing reagent consumption. 4. Slimes make the pulp viscous, worsening aeration conditions.   To solve these issues, the following measures can be taken: 1. Use dilute pulp to reduce viscosity, minimizing slime entrainment in froth products. 2. Add dispersants to disperse slimes, eliminating their harmful covering effect on other minerals. 3. Use staged reagent addition to reduce reagent consumption by slimes. 4. Deslime flotation materials before flotation.   Common desliming methods include hydrocyclone classification.   By understanding the impacts of particle size on flotation and implementing these measures, flotation efficiency and concentrate quality can be significantly improved.

How to Observe Mineral Flotation Phenomena?   The responsibilities of a flotation plant operator include maintaining the normal operation of equipment, adjusting reagents and equipment based on flotation phenomena to ensure stable and optimal flotation indices. Therefore, accurate judgment of flotation phenomena is crucial for achieving good indices. Common methods for judging the quality of flotation products include observing the foam and washing the products.   1. Observing the Foam Flotation operators adjust the amount of flotation reagents, the quantity of concentrate scraped out, and the amount of middling circulated based on their judgment of the flotation foam's appearance. The main aspects of observing flotation foam include:   (1) Solid vs. Hollow Foam is described as "solid" when the mineralization degree on the mineral surface is high, resulting in firm, substantial foam, typically seen in roughing and cleaning operations. In scavenging operations, because useful minerals have been largely floated in roughing, the foam tends to be "hollow." Reagent addition directly affects flotation foam characteristics. If reagent dosage is appropriate, the foam in the first roughing cell will be "solid." Excessive depressant or insufficient collector will result in "hollow" foam.   (2) Large vs. Small The size of bubbles on the foam layer surface varies with ore properties, reagent regime, and flotation operation. In general sulfide ore flotation, bubbles with a diameter of 8-10 cm are considered large, 3-5 cm as medium, and 1-2 cm as small. Well-mineralized bubbles are usually medium-sized, commonly seen in roughing and cleaning operations. During bubble coalescence, some large bubbles may appear to increase concentrate grade. Poorly mineralized bubbles are often large (hollow bubbles), commonly seen at the tail end of scavenging operations. In oxidized ore flotation, small and numerous bubbles might indicate low-grade rough concentrate with high recovery, whereas small, numerous, and hollow bubbles suggest both low-grade and low recovery. Hence, observing bubble size and solidity is crucial for judging flotation indices.   (3) Color Foam color is determined by the attached minerals and the water film color. For instance, in hematite flotation, the foam is brick red. Scavenging tail foam is often white (water film color). The deeper the floating mineral color in scavenging, the greater the metal loss. Conversely, the deeper the color in roughing and cleaning, the better the concentrate quality. A common but not absolute standard for clean flotation in scavenging operations is whether the foam appears white, though specific situations need detailed analysis.   (4) Luster Foam luster is influenced by the mineral's luster and the water film's sheen. The coarseness of flotation mineral particles also affects foam surface luster.   (5) Outline Mineralized bubbles in flotation often appear nearly round or elliptical due to the influences of slurry flow, bubble interaction, and the gravitational pull of surface-layer mineral particles. Freshly formed mineralized bubbles have distinct outlines, whereas bubbles on the slurry surface for extended periods have blurred outlines.     (6) Thickness The thickness of the foam layer is related to the amount of frother used and the degree of bubble mineralization. More frother, high ore grade, high concentration, and good mineralization result in a thicker foam layer, and vice versa. However, overly coarse flotation mineral particles make it challenging to form a thick foam layer. Different ore properties require varying foam layer thicknesses.   (7) Brittleness vs. Stickiness Brittle foam has poor stability and breaks easily, whereas overly sticky foam may cause "froth overflows," resulting in poor concentrate grade and transportation difficulties. Excessive frother, oil contamination, or substantial slime content in the ore can make foam sticky.   (8) Sound The sound of foam being scraped off by a scraper indicates mineral properties. Heavy minerals with coarse particles and solid foam make a "sizzling" sound when falling into the foam trough.   2. Washing Products Washing foam products or tailings with a spoon, bowl, or washing pan helps assess concentrate quality and metal loss.   3. Washing Requirements Choose appropriate washing locations and products based on the washing purpose. Determine suitable sample amounts and washing extent based on mineral content and type.   For accurate washing inspections, ensure consistency in sampling locations, sample amounts, and washing extent each time.

YX500: A Sodium Cyanide Substitute in Gold Leaching Application Range of YX500 1. Applicable Materials: YX500 finds utility across various gold-containing materials including gold, silver oxidized ores, primary ores, cyanide tailings, gold concentrates, roasting slag, and anode sludge. 2. Processes: It suits different leaching methods such as heap leaching, pool leaching, carbon slurry, and stirring leaching.   Characteristics of YX500 1. Appearance: YX500 presents as a powdery solid. 2. Dissolving Method: It dissolves readily when stirred with water at room temperature. 3. Alkalinity Adjustment: Lime or caustic soda are typically employed to maintain pH levels between 10-12. Utilization Guidelines and Precautions 1. Solution Preparation: YX500 dosage mirrors that of sodium cyanide. Concentrations vary according to ore grades and impurity contents, usually prepared at 15-20% concentration. 2. Usage Process: YX500 follows conventional sodium cyanide leaching procedures. 3. Precautions: Regular monitoring of precious and lean liquid content, pH, and YX500 concentration is recommended. pH deviations outside 10-12 range affect YX500 consumption and leaching efficiency. Minor black residue post-dissolution doesn't impair effectiveness. YX500 can be used alone or in tandem with sodium cyanide. Suitable for various leaching processes including carbon slurry and zine powder replacement. Gold recovery methods remain consistent with cyanide leaching. YX500 leach return water is recyclable. Leaching efficacy remains unaffected within 0-50°C temperature range, akin to sodium cyanide. YX500 consumption relative to sodium cyanide varies; higher for high-grade, impure, or fine gold-bearing materials, generally 1.5-3 times more.   Click here for more information about YX500!