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Flotation processes are essential methods for separating copper and gold from copper-gold ores. Depending on the characteristics of the ore, these processes primarily include the flotation of sulfide copper ores and the flotation of oxide copper ores. Common primary oxide copper minerals include malachite (CuCO3-Cu(OH)2, containing 57.4% copper) and azurite (2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2, containing 55.2% copper), followed by chrysocolla (CuSiO3·2H2O, containing 36.2% copper) and cuprite (Cu2O, containing 88.8% copper).   1. Sulfidation Method The sulfidation method is the most common flotation method for oxide copper ores. It is suitable for most oxidized copper ores that can be sulfidized. Sulfidized oxide ores exhibit properties of sulfide ores and can be floated using xanthate.   Usage of Sulfidizing Agents: Sodium sulfide is used at a dosage of 1-2 kg/t (of raw ore). Sodium sulfide and other sulfidizing agents oxidize easily, have short action times, and the formed sulfide films are unstable and can easily detach under intense agitation. Therefore, it should be added in batches directly into the first flotation cell. Pulp pH Control: The sulfidation rate increases as the pulp pH decreases. The pH is usually maintained around 9, and lime can be added if necessary. Collectors: Butyl xanthate or a mixture of black and yellow collectors is commonly used. Dispersants: When there is a high amount of slime, a dispersant such as water glass is used.   2. Organic Acid Flotation Method Organic acids and their soaps can effectively float malachite and azurite. However, this method is less selective when the gangue contains a large amount of carbonate minerals, making it difficult to improve the concentrate grade.   Applicability: Suitable for ores where the gangue minerals are not carbonate. The flotation performance deteriorates when the gangue contains a significant amount of floatable iron and manganese minerals. Auxiliary Reagents: Sodium carbonate, water glass, and phosphates are typically added as gangue inhibitors and pulp regulators.   3. Leaching-Precipitation-Flotation Method When neither the sulfidation nor the organic acid methods achieve satisfactory results, the leaching-precipitation-flotation method is used.   Process Flow: The oxide copper ore is first leached with sulfuric acid, then copper is precipitated using iron powder, and the precipitated copper is subsequently floated. Leaching Conditions: The leach solution is a 0.5%-3% dilute sulfuric acid solution, with acid consumption varying between 2.3-45 kg/t (of raw ore) depending on the ore's properties. For refractory ores, leaching can be performed at elevated temperatures (45-70°C). Flotation Conditions: Flotation is carried out in an acidic medium using cresol black or double xanthate as collectors.   4. Ammonia Leaching-Sulfide Precipitation-Flotation Method This method is suitable for ores with a high content of alkaline gangue, where acid leaching would be too costly. Process Flow: After fine grinding, the ore is treated with sulfur powder and ammonia leaching. The copper ions in the oxide copper ore form complexes with NH3 and CO2 while being precipitated by sulfur ions into new sulfide copper particles. Ammonia is then evaporated and recovered, followed by sulfide copper flotation. Pulp pH Control: The pulp pH is maintained between 6.5 and 7.5. Flotation Reagents: Standard flotation reagents for sulfide copper ores are used.     5. Segregation-Flotation Method This method is used for refractory oxide copper ores, particularly those with a high slime content and combined copper accounting for more than 30% of total copper.   Process Flow: The appropriately sized ore is mixed with 2%-3% coal powder and 1%-2% salt, then subjected to chloridizing reduction roasting at 700-800°C. The resulting copper chloride volatilizes from the ore and is reduced to metallic copper within the furnace, which is then adsorbed onto coal particles. These particles are subsequently separated from the gangue via flotation. Applicability: Suitable for ores with high chrysocolla and cuprite content. This method is advantageous for comprehensive recovery of gold, silver, and other rare metals compared to the leaching-flotation method. Drawbacks: High energy consumption and costs.   6. Flotation of Mixed Copper Ores The flotation process for mixed copper ores should be determined based on experimental results. The process can either involve simultaneous flotation of sulfide and oxide copper minerals after sulfidation or sequential flotation where sulfide minerals are floated first, followed by sulfidation and flotation of oxide minerals. The amounts of collectors and sulfidizing agents should be adjusted according to the oxide content in the ore.   Conclusion The choice of flotation process for copper-gold ores depends primarily on the specific characteristics and mineral composition of the ore. The sulfidation method is suitable for most oxide copper ores, while the organic acid method is preferable for ores without carbonate gangue minerals. The leaching-precipitation-flotation method is used when other methods are ineffective. The ammonia leaching-sulfide precipitation-flotation method is suitable for ores with high alkaline gangue content, and the segregation-flotation method is applicable for refractory oxide copper ores. Optimizing the flotation process and reagent regime through testing can achieve the best recovery rates and economic benefits.

  Maximizing Flotation Efficiency: The Power of Sulfide Activators, Spotlight on Copper Sulfate   To improve the selectivity of the flotation process, enhance the effects of collectors and frothers, reduce the mutual inclusion of valuable mineral components, and improve the conditions of the flotation pulp, modifiers are often used in the flotation process. Modifiers in the flotation process include many reagents, and according to their roles in the flotation process, they can be divided into depressants, activators, pH regulators, defoamers, flocculants, dispersants, etc.   Activators in Flotation Processes Activators are a type of flotation reagent that can enhance the ability of mineral surfaces to adsorb collectors. The mechanisms of activation include: 1. Forming an insoluble activation film on the mineral surface that easily reacts with collectors; 2. Creating active sites on the mineral surface that easily react with collectors; 3. Removing hydrophilic films from the mineral surface to improve the floatability of the mineral surface; 4. Eliminating metal ions in the pulp that hinder the flotation of target minerals.   Properties of Sulfide Activators Compounds of divalent sulfur, such as metal sulfides, can be considered salts of hydrogen sulfide. Metal sulfides can be produced by the direct reaction of metals with sulfur, by passing hydrogen sulfide gas into a metal salt solution, or by adding sodium sulfide to a salt solution.   Alkali metal sulfides and ammonium sulfide are easily soluble in water, and due to hydrolysis, their solutions are alkaline. The sulfides of alkaline earth metals, scandium, yttrium, and lanthanides are relatively insoluble. When the outer electron configuration of cations is 18-electron or 18+2-electron, strong polarization often results in the formation of insoluble, colored sulfides. Most water-insoluble sulfides can dissolve in acids, releasing hydrogen sulfide. A few extremely insoluble metal sulfides (such as CuS and HgS) can be dissolved using oxidizing acids, where sulfur is oxidized and precipitates from the solution. Insoluble metal sulfides exist in a dissolution-precipitation equilibrium in solution. By controlling the acidity of the solution, the concentration of S2- ions in the solution can be altered, allowing the precipitation of different insoluble metal sulfides with varying solubilities. This principle is the basis for using hydrogen sulfide to separate and identify metal ions in qualitative analysis.     Applications of Sulfide Activators In the flotation process, sodium sulfide, sodium hydrosulfide, calcium sulfide, and other sulfides are commonly used as activators to activate non-ferrous metal oxide minerals. The common characteristic of these sulfides is their ability to dissociate sulfur ions in the pulp, which can react with metal ions on the surface of non-ferrous metal oxide minerals to form sulfide films that easily interact with xanthate collectors. This enhances the floatability of non-ferrous metal oxide minerals.   Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) for Flotation of Sulfide Ores Among these activators, copper sulfate (CuSO4) is one of the most widely used reagents in the flotation of sulfide ores, effectively activating minerals such as sphalerite, antimonite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite. It is especially effective for activating sphalerite that has been suppressed by lime or cyanide. Suitable for mining flotation processes, copper sulfate is widely used for sulfide ores. It comes in blue crystal form, is soluble in water and free of impurities, and Y&X’S CuSO4 is packed in 1000 kg bags with customizable logos. The minimum order quantity is 1 ton. Copper sulfate is a crucial reagent in the flotation process, ensuring optimal recovery of valuable sulfide minerals.   Click here for more information about CuSO4 

SHENZHEN -- China's southern metropolis of Shenzhen reported a total cross-border e-commerce foreign trade volume of 326.53 billion yuan (about $45.96 billion), up 74.4 percent year-on-year, the municipal bureau of commerce said on Saturday. Data shows that the number of cross-border e-commerce export enterprises in Shenzhen now exceeds 150,000, accounting for almost half of Chinese sellers on platforms including Alibaba.com, AliExpress, Lazada, and eBay, and one-third of Chinese sellers on Amazon come from Shenzhen. With a sound policy system and superior business environment, Shenzhen has attracted well-known domestic platforms, such as Douyin, JD Worldwide, and Alibaba, as well as their foreign peers, to increase their investment there. Amazon launched its world's first innovation center in Shenzhen in December last year. Mercado Libre, the largest e-commerce platform in Latin America, will soon set up its China headquarters in the metropolis. As of November 2023, the area of the overseas warehouses constructed and operated by Shenzhen enterprises had exceeded 3.8 million square meters, an increase of about 1 million square meters compared with 2022. Up to now, Shenzhen has 16 freight ports and 11 customs supervision places and bonded areas for cross-border e-commerce business, which strongly supports the expansion and increment of cross-border e-commerce economy.

Experts say consumption will remain primary driver of economy in 2024 China's economy is set to maintain robust and steady growth in 2024 as domestic demand further recovers, driven by ramped-up macroeconomic policy support and the deepening of industrial upgrading, senior experts said. Consumption will remain a primary growth driver this year, while the investment outlook is expected to improve, countering potential lingering pressures on exports, they said. Wang Yiming, vice-chairman of the China Center for International Economic Exchanges, said consumer spending is poised to further expand this year, building on the post-COVID rebound in 2023. In the first three quarters of last year, consumption accounted for 83.2 percent of the nation's economic growth. Supporting the continued recovery in consumer spending would be the acceleration of new forms of consumption, including in the digital economy, green industries, healthcare and smart homes, said Wang, who is also a member of the Monetary Policy Committee of the People's Bank of China, the country's central bank. Traditional consumption areas such as vehicles and electronics are also expected to see a resurgence as a stabilizing economy boosts people's incomes and expectations, he said, adding that policy initiatives would also promote the recovery. "I believe there is scope for intensifying fiscal policy support," Wang said, adding that the central government may moderately increase debt levels and implement structural tax cuts as its leverage ratio remains relatively low compared with other major economies. The efforts to promote a modern industrial system would help form a virtuous cycle between consumption and investment, while the country's increasingly diverse export markets and emerging export advantages in new energy sectors will help offset lukewarm global demand, said Zhang Xiaoqiang, executive vice-chairman of the China Center for International Economic Exchanges. "China has the capacity to achieve economic growth around 5 percent in 2024 while maintaining the momentum of high-quality development," said Zhang, who is also a former deputy head of the National Development and Reform Commission. The tone-setting Central Economic Work Conference, which was held in December, highlighted expanding domestic demand as a focus in 2024, calling for efforts to intensify macroeconomic policy adjustments, tap consumption potential and expand effective investment. China's economy staged a rebound last year as activity normalized from disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and it expanded by 5.2 percent in the first three quarters, yet supply has recovered faster than demand, making insufficient demand a weak link of the economy. Mostly dragged by the decline in new market orders, the country's official purchasing managers index for the manufacturing sector fell to 49 in December from 49.4 in November, indicating that factory activity has contracted for the third consecutive month, the National Bureau of Statistics said on Sunday. Lan Zongmin, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council, said the Chinese economy is likely to see a more balanced recovery between supply and demand this year as policymakers attach more emphasis to bolstering demand, with the deepening of industrial upgrading to further anchor investment growth. Infrastructure investment in the areas of technological advances and carbon reduction will likely speed up, and manufacturers' equipment upgrade and growing capacity in emerging industries would bolster investment in the sector, Lan said, adding that investment activity in the real estate sector is projected to stabilize. In an article published on Monday in Qiushi Journal, the flagship magazine of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, the leading Party group of the National Development and Reform Commission vowed to enhance the efficiency of government investment to support areas such as transportation infrastructure, energy, coordinated regional development and the modern industrial system. China's retail sales, a gauge of consumption, have rebounded since August and rose by 10.1 percent year-on-year in November, while investment lagged behind as total fixed-asset investment expanded by 2.9 percent year-on-year in the first 11 months of 2023 due to a slump in real estate development, according to the NBS. With more macroeconomic policy support likely, China's A-share market rallied at the end of 2023, led by the new energy and electronics sectors, with the benchmark Shanghai Composite Index up by three consecutive days to 2,974.93 points as of Friday's close, the last trading session of 2023.

Reductions cover various sectors and are aimed at boosting trade ties China's new round of reductions in import tariffs, announced on Thursday, highlights the country's commitment to further open up its economy and promote international trade cooperation, officials and experts said. The tariff cuts will cover various sectors like advanced manufacturing, medical care and agriculture, and are aimed at providing high-quality supplies to meet public needs. This will enhance the competitiveness of domestic industries and drive high-quality development, they said. China will implement provisional import tariff rates lower than the most-favored-nation rates on 1,010 items starting Jan 1, according to a statement issued by the Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council. Import tariffs on key resources, equipment and components that are domestically scarce, like gas diffusion layers (key components in various types of fuel cells), will be lowered to facilitate the development of the country's advanced manufacturing industries, the commission said. Certain anti-cancer medications and drugs for rare diseases, as well as relevant raw materials, will be subject to zero import tariffs. Additionally, import tariffs on foods for special medical purposes and other related products will be reduced, the commission said, adding it will better safeguard people's health with high-quality supplies. In a move to support the development of the agricultural sector, import tariffs on sweet corn, coriander and burdock seeds will be trimmed, while export tariffs on high-purity aluminum will be reduced to foster the growth of the country's new materials industry, the commission said. The purpose of the latest tariff reductions is to expand high-standard opening-up and make better use of the resources and markets both domestically and internationally while preserving stability and efficiency in the country's industrial and supply chains, said Wu Hongmei, director of Customs Department at the Ministry of Finance. Another aim is to encourage domestic industries to advance digital transformation and upgrades, improve their competitiveness on the international stage, and foster stronger internal drivers of economic growth, Wu said. The decision to cut import tariffs is driven by multiple factors, including China's own needs, industry development and the desire to enhance the well-being of its citizens, said Tu Xinquan, head of the China Institute for WTO Studies, which is part of the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing. By aligning the pace of tariff reductions with the country's economic requirements, China aims to promote a more open and inclusive economic landscape and create a favorable environment for more foreign businesses to enter the Chinese market, Tu said. China's immense market size presents an array of opportunities for countries worldwide, creating new avenues for international cooperation, said Gao Lingyun, researcher at the Institute of World Economics and Politics, which is part of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The tariff adjustments are a crucial component of China's efforts to build a global high-standard free trade network and facilitate a more seamless flow of goods and investments, promoting shared development globally, Gao said.

Mining companies are recognizing the importance of sustainable practices as they strive for long-term growth. Many are implementing strategies to minimize environmental impact, reduce carbon emissions, and enhance community engagement. By adopting technologies like renewable energy sources, water recycling systems, and land rehabilitation programs, mining companies aim to mitigate their ecological footprint and foster positive relationships with local communities. These sustainability initiatives not only align with the expectations of stakeholders but also contribute to the industry's overall resilience and social responsibility.

   Many countries mandate for post-operations clean-up as part of the mining permit issued before operations begin. In areas with effective law enforcement systems, these clauses limit the liability of the extraction company to the letter of the license. While an operation in the US, for example, might risk a legal battle with someone who stubs their toe on a discarded helmet 30 years later, a clean-up clause would specify a company’s specific liability: nothing less, and nothing more. In countries with less effective enforcement of clean-up, these clauses instead represent a hazard themselves. Once operations end, can a contract holder be certain that their liability ends? Can they be sure that the government will take note of the standard of clean-up? In 30 years’ time, will that government accuse the license holder of not fulfilling their contract, or of actions they were never liable for in the first place? These are questions that Indonesian mining companies ask themselves with no clear answer. Some in power certainly have the will to ensure effective post-operations mine clean-up and registration, but face a daunting task to improve mining logistics in the country. As it stands, 2,000 unregistered mines could stand in the way of the country’s bright future. Indonesia, abandoned mines, and the consequences of corruption As the world’s greatest thermal coal exporter, mining plays a big part in the economy of Indonesia. Indonesian law holds mining companies responsible for cleaning up after excavation, but these laws often go unenforced.   Part of the problem lies with the laws themselves. Ecologist David Woodbury wrote for non-profit Mongabay: “The law states that coal companies must restore the ‘original condition’ of the landscape — an unrealistic target that even in the best-case scenarios is not supported by current science on mine rehabilitation.   “By suggesting that restoring the ‘original condition’ is possible, the law clouds the extent and scale of degradation left behind after surface mining. It misrepresents what is feasible through ecological rehabilitation,” Woodbury finished.   Without effective enforcement, mine restoration becomes an ’unnecessary’ expense for those driven only by profit. Cleaning up mines makes whoever does it less competitive with no tangible reward.   This does not mean that the average Indonesian has no interest in cleaning up ex-mines. Between 2014 and 2020, 168 people died after falling into abandoned pits, which are often steep-sided and filled with water. A parallel industry of illegal mining causes some of these, while also putting workers at risk with no consequences, and with no liability to clean up after the end of operations.   Our Head of Legal and Network Division, Muh Jamil, stated on @KompasTV that there are several roles of the police officials in backing the illegal mining operations according to JATAM’s finding.#illegalmining #coalmining #mineralmining #Polri #percumalaporpolisi #tambangilegal pic.twitter.com/HBddlRLeKS   — Mining Advocacy Network – Indonesia (@JATAMupdates) November 29, 2022 According to the Indonesian Ministry of Mineral and Energy Resources, 2,741 illegal mines operate in the country. These illegal operations can only survive by paying local law enforcement for their silence, which Indonesian mining trade body JATAM says happens on several levels.   Cleaning up Indonesian mining means cleaning up Indonesian police This dynamic of miners paying officials off-the-record bears many of the hallmarks of more above-board legal processes, so in theory, the transition to a more robust legal framework may not be out of the question. But recently, the spotlight has turned onto the Indonesian police.   In late 2022, simultaneous scandals saw government reports blame police for a massive crowd disaster, an officer accused of drug trafficking, the high-profile trial of a police general and a former officer admit to the police’s systematic involvement in illegal mining.   The country’s police force struggles with allegations of corruption, brutality and acting above the law. A report by consultancy Gan Integrity says that two in five Indonesians consider most or all of the police as corrupt. Approximately 30% of Indonesians have paid bribes to police.     https://www.mining-technology.com/features/abandoned-mines-indonesia-kalimantan/  

LIMA, Feb 16 (Reuters) - Peru's top copper mines are starting to see activity hit harder by protests and blockades in the country's southern Andes, power data reviewed by Reuters shows, with Chinese-owned Las Bambas and Glencore PLC's Antapaccay currently worst affected. The South American country, the world's no. 2 producer of the red metal, has been roiled by protests since the Dec. 7 ouster of President Pedro Castillo, though mining operations had generally remained resilient until this month. However, a Reuters analysis of daily power use data from COES, which represents firms in Peru's energy sector, shows that at least two key mines are now regularly only drawing half their normal power as key supplies needed for mining operations run out, suggesting they are in 'care and maintenance' mode. Those are MMG's (1208.HK) Las Bambas, Peru's third largest copper mine, and Glencore's (GLEN.L) Antapaccay, which have both been hit by blockades on a key mining corridor highway.   Sourcing：Reuters

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January 1st is New Years Day.Its a great day for all the people throughout the world.As the saying goes,"A good beginning is half the battle". The "New Year's Day" mentioned today is September 27, 1949. The first plenary meeting of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference decided to establish the People's Republic of China. January 1st is officially designated as "New Year's Day", and the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar is changed to "Spring Festival". Let's start with higher quality products!